英国的自由与权利学说及其争论:从平等派到宪章派(1640-1840年代)  

The Debate on the Rights of Man in Britain: From the Levellers to the Chartists

作　　者：哈里.迪金森 黄艳红[2] 

机构地区：[1]英国爱丁堡大学历史学院 [2]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所

出　　处：《学术研究》2011年第8期96-108,共13页Academic Research

摘　　要：从1640至1840年代,英国的政治思想家和政治活动家为三种自由观念展开辩论和斗争:免于过分的政府压迫的个人权利,积极参与构建向人民负责的政府的政治活动的权利,以及期待国家帮助穷人免于经济压迫的权利。最早的斗争是为了保障个人财产、个人的宗教自由和表达自由,以及以强力抵制暴政的权利,约翰.洛克和17世纪的辉格党激进派从理论和实践上推进了这场斗争,并取得了最大的成功。第二场斗争旨在赋予所有男女选举立法机构成员的权利,以使政府向人民负责。从理论上说,这场斗争在19世纪初取得了成功,但在实践中直到一个多世纪之后才最终实现。让穷人免受贫困和经济压迫的斗争在理论上的争论要激烈得多,尤其是在工业革命的头几十年中。乌托邦社会主义者虽然提出了最激进的理念,但实际上他们并没有充分意识到在资本主义经济中如何克服工人阶级的贫困和经济压迫。只有在经历一系列的变迁之后,大部分英国工人直到20世纪后期才摆脱贫困。From the 1640s to the 1840s political thinkers and political activists discussed and struggled for three concepts of freedom: the right of the individual to be free from too much government oppression,the right to play an active role in politics to make the government responsible to the people,and the right to expect the state to help the poor to escape from economic oppression.These debates occurred throughout these two hundred years but this article discusses each in turn.The first struggle,to secure the individual's possessions,freedom of religion and expression,and the right to resist tyranny by force,was advanced in theory and in practice by John Locke and radical Whigs in the seventeenth century and was the most successful campaign.The second campaign to make the government accountable to the people by giving all men and all women the right to elect the members of the legislature in the Westminster Parliament was advanced successfully in theory by the earlier nineteenth century,but it was not achieved in practice for more than a century after that.The campaign to free the poor from poverty and economic oppression was much debated in theory,especially during the early decades of the Industrial Revolution,but the utopian Socialists who advanced the most radical ideas did not really appreciate how to overcome the poverty and economic oppression of the working classes in a capitalist economy.It took a series of changes well into the later twentieth century before most British workers were lifted out of poverty.

关 键 词：平等派 宪章派 掘地派 议会改革 乌托邦社会主义者 卡尔·马克思 

分 类 号：K561.4[历史地理—历史学]