测试效应:致力于有效学习的一项基础研究  

Testing Effect:One Basic Research Project Aiming At Efficient Learning

作　　者：张锦坤[1] 杨丽娴[1] 

机构地区：[1]福建师范大学教育学院,福州350007

出　　处：《心理科学》2011年第5期1101-1105,共5页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：教育部人文社科青年基金(09YJCXLX002)研究成果

摘　　要：学习与记忆研究领域关于测试效应的研究重新审视了"测试"的作用。测试除了是衡量学习程度的工具,它对学习的作用相当于甚至大于同等时间的"学习";相对于重复学习,测试使学习者对学习的元认知判断更准确;学习过程中的自我测试虽然可能延缓学习的进程,但却可促进有效学习。对测试效应与有效学习研究的结合点进行了简评。Interest in the benefits of retrieval practice for subsequent memory has increased dramatically in recent years due to important implications for student learning and scholarship. A wealth of research has indicated that retrieval practice can be used not only as a means to assess memory but as an effective means to improve memory, which is the so-called testing effect. Tests enhance later retention more than the additional study of the material, even when tests are given without feedback. Cramming （repeatedly reading） does work, at least at very short retention intervals, Test-enhanced learning is not limited to laboratory materials; it improves performance with educational materials （foreign language vocabulary, science passages） and in actual classroom settings. However, studying and taking an initial test lead to better performance in the delayed test than does studying the material twice. Moreover, testing memory during study can help students make more accurate JOL than studying by rote does, which optimizes the allocation of study time. However, prior researches suggest that students＇ JOLs are not sensitive to the mnemonic effects of retrieval practice, and when given control over their own learning, they may not practice retrieval as often as they siaould. These results suggest that learners often make suboptimal choices during leaming, opting for strategies that do not maximize subsequent retention. Furthermore, although self-testing may slow down the process of learning to a certain extent, it can actually help students achieve efficient learning substantially. Because easy retrieval （high retrieval strength） does not enhance storage strength, whereas more effortful retrieval practice does enhance storage strength and promotes more permanent, long-term learning. Researchers believe the time is ripe for a dedicated and thorough examination of issues about testing and its application inthe classroom. They suggest that testing is a powerful tool for enhancing learning, giving tests in class or

关 键 词：测试效应 元认知 提取难度高 效率学习 

分 类 号：B842.3[哲学宗教—基础心理学]