国民观:从臣民观到公民观的桥梁——论中国近代的国民观  

National Outlook: the Bridge from Subject Outlook to Citizen Outlook

作　　者：郑大华[1] 朱蕾[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院近代历史所,北京100006 [2]湖南师范大学历史文化学院,长沙410081

出　　处：《晋阳学刊》2011年第5期85-93,共9页Academic Journal of Jinyang

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"抗战时期(1931-1945)民族复兴思潮研究"(批准号:09BZS033);湖南省高等学校科学研究项目重点课题"抗战时期知识界的民族复兴思潮"(编号08A035)的前期研究成果

摘　　要："国民"一词是清末知识分子从日本辗转假借而来的,其内涵深深地带着近代德国学派思想的痕迹。近代中国知识分子们的国民观念有机地融合了中国传统思想、不同时期的西方近代思想和日本近代思想,注重民族主义和国家主义,并具有浓厚的道德主义和精英主义倾向。国民观念对清末时局的发展产生了重大的影响,并促进了近代中国人主体意识的初步觉醒。但民初宪政实践的失败促使中国先进知识分子开始对国民观进行反思。通过反思,他们认识到清末梁启超等人对国民劣根性的批判只涉及到爱国主义和国家主义的层面,而未能对儒家传统伦理价值观的核心,即"三纲五常"和家族主义思想进行批判,而这正是国民观念对民初乱局束手无策的根本原因。在对国民观的反思和对臣民观的更深入批判中,新文化知识分子萌生了对以个人为本位的公民观的向往。国民观在中国近代思想史中的地位也同此而奠定:国民观是从臣民观念到公民观念的桥梁。The word of national was imported from japan with the influence of German School by intellectuals of the late Ch＇ing Dynasty. But the national outlook of modern intellectuals is an amalgamation of Chinese traditional thought, Western and Japanese modernism at different times, attaching importance to nationalism and statism with the inclination of moralism and elitism heavily. The national outlook had a huge influence on the way of late Ch＇ing Dynasty, and enlightened the subject consciousness of Chinese. But the failure of Constitutionalist Movement form Late Ch＇ing to Early Republic Period urged the advanced intellectuals to rethink the outlook of national. As a result, they learnt that the critique on national deep-rooted bad habits by Late Ch＇ing＇s intelligentsia, such as Liang Ch＇i-ch＇ao, had come down to patriotism and statism, but failed to criticize the centre of traditional ethics of Confucianism, i.e., the three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues, and the familism, which was the primary cause of the national outlook losing value to the situation of Early Republic Period. By rethinking the national outlook and criticizing subject outlook, intellectuals from the New Culture Movement began to yearn for citizen outlook which was based on individuals. Thus, the role of national outlook in the Chinese modern ideology history was established： a bridge from subject outlook to citizen outlook.

关 键 词：国民观 公民观 国家主义 个人主义 国民性 

分 类 号：K26[历史地理—历史学]