水稻氮肥精确后移及其机制  

Precise Postponing Nitrogen Application and Its Mechanism in Rice

作　　者：张洪程[1,2] 吴桂成[3] 戴其根[1,2] 霍中洋[1,2] 许轲[1,2] 高辉[1,2] 魏海燕[1,2] 吕修涛[2] 万靓军[2] 黄银忠[2] 

机构地区：[1]扬州大学农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心,江苏扬州225009 [2]扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室,江苏扬州225009 [3]昆山市农业技术推广中心,江苏昆山215300

出　　处：《作物学报》2011年第10期1837-1851,共15页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家"十一五"科技支撑计划重大项目(2006BAD02A03);农业综合开发农业部专项(超级稻配套栽培技术开发与技术集成);国家自然科学基金项目(30971732);江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目资助

摘　　要：以早熟晚粳品种武运粳7号、武香粳14、常优1号为供试材料,通过搁田后一次性追肥试验来精确确定高产高效的氮肥后移施用叶龄期;在此基础之上,对氮肥精确后移施用模式进行了研究,并探讨了其高产高效机制。结果表明:(1)倒四、倒三叶是早熟晚粳稻最利于高产高效的追肥叶龄期。从产量构成因素看,倒四、倒三叶追肥群体穗数足、穗型大,群体颖花量高,且结实率与千粒重均可稳定在正常水平;从群体生长发育来看,倒四、倒三叶追肥群体茎蘖消长平缓,高峰苗适中,成穗率高(80%左右),生育中、后期氮肥累积量大,适宜叶面积指数高,群体光合势强,干物质积累多,最终产量高,氮素当季利用率亦高。(2)较之常规施氮模式,氮肥精确后移模式产量显著高,氮素当季利用率、生理利用率、施氮增产力以及表观生产力均显著高,百公斤籽粒需氮量则略低,在大面积生产上应用表现显著增产增效。其高产高效机制为,既能巩固穗数,又能有效控制无效(低效)分蘖,获取高成穗率,形成足量的群体有效穗数;既能攻取大穗,又能防止群体叶面积过度增长,于生育中期形成较高且适宜的叶面积指数与配置良好的冠层结构,具有较高粒叶比,使抽穗期群体干物质数量足且质量优;既能提高抽穗后群体干物质积累量,又能协调群体茎鞘物质输出与运转,以强源畅流促进群体库容的有效充实。Leaf ages of nitrogen application for high yield and apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency were specified through applying nitrogen fertilizer once in middle stage of growth and development using early-maturing and late japonica rice-Wuyunjing 7, Wuxiangjing 14, Changyou 1 as materials. Based on this, we studied precise postponing nitrogen application and its mechanism. Results showed that leaf ages of nitrogen application to high yield and apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency were 3rd leaf and fourth leaf from the top in early-maturing and late japonica rice. Using nitrogen in 3rd and 4th leaf from the top, made more panicles and spikelets per panicle, larger total spikelets and stable filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight, and lower max number of stems and tillers, higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers, higher nitrogen accumulation, max LAI, LAD and dry matter weight in population growth and development. Yield with ＂PPM＂ （precise promoting in the middle phase） of nitrogen was significantly more than that of CK. Compared to CK, there were more significantly apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency, physiological nitrogen use efficiency, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency and yield of ear nitrogen, but lower nitrogen requirement for 100 kg grain in ＂PPM＂ of nitrogen. Mechanism of high yield and apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency in ＂PPM＂ of nitrogne was that high ratio of productive tillers to total tillers and enough population panicles were formed through consolidating population panicles and controlling non productive tillering and low effective tillering; high grain-leaf ratio （filled grains per cm2 leaf area, grain weight per cm2 leaf area）, enough quantity and good quality of dry matter in heading were obtained through forming large population spikeletes, high and appropriate LAI and fine canopy structure; intense source and smooth translocation, effective sink-filling ability were enlarged through enriching dry matter accumulation after heading and coordinating pro

关 键 词：水稻 氮肥精确后移 高产高效机制 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]