秦汉帝国的神权统一--出土简帛与《封禅书》、《郊祀志》的对比考察  

The Unification of Religious Authority in the Qin and Han Empires:A Comparative Examination of the Excavated Writings on Bamboo Slips and on Silk with "Sacrificial Ceremonies" and the "Treatise on Sacrifices"

作　　者：杨华[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]武汉大学历史学院 [2]中国传统文化研究中心,教授武汉430072

出　　处：《历史研究》2011年第5期4-26,189,共23页Historical Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金课题“简帛所见楚地丧祭礼制研究”(批准号:09BZS006);教育部“新世纪优秀人才支持计划”(编号:NCET-07-0642)的阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：将新出简帛材料与《史记·封禅书》、《汉书·郊祀志》进行对比考察,有助于阐明秦汉帝国将分散的宗教信仰整合成统一神权的渐进过程。先秦时期各国皆有自己的山神、水神,秦汉帝国将秦、楚、晋、齐等几大祭祀圈的山川神祇整合成"五岳四渎"系统。国家制定统一的祭典,建立官祀系统,通过限制民间祭祀内容、禁止民间另立私社和控制祭祀频率等办法来打击淫祀。国家加强对巫觋和巫术的管理,固定其场所和时间,极力消解其地域性。汉初设立的梁巫、晋巫、秦巫、荆巫等巫官,不完全是对各地方巫术的移植或复制,而是根据刘氏的身世源流,对全国巫术系统的"重新洗牌",人为划定其分属职掌。秦皇、汉武的封禅和巡游,也并非为了追求"一己之福",而是为了寻求东方神祇的认同。经过秦始皇、汉高祖、汉武帝和汉成帝等数代皇帝的努力,整合全国神权的历程逐渐完成。A comparative examination of the newly unearthed writings on bamboo slips and silk and the 'Sacrificial Ceremonies' section of Records of the Grand Historian(史记·封禅书 Fengsanshu) and the 'Treatise on Sacrifices' in the History of the Han Dynasty(汉书· 郊祀志Jiaosizhi) will help to clarify the gradual process by which the Qin and Han empires integrated the diverse and dispersed religions into a unified religious authority.Before the Qin dynasty,different states had their own gods of mountain and waters.These deities of the great sacrificial circles of Qin,Chu,Jin,Qi,etc.were integrated by the Qin and Han empires into the system of the gods of wuyue sidu(五岳四渎 Five Mountains and Four Rivers).The government formulated unified ceremonies and systems of sacrifice while combating unauthorized sacrifices by limiting the content of private worship,banning the establishment of shrines,controlling the frequency of sacrifices and so on.They also strengthened control of shamans and their arts by giving them fixed places and times,in an attempt to do away with their local character.The establishment of official shamans in the early Han dynasty,such as those in Liang(梁),Jin(晋),Qin(秦),Jing(荆) and other areas,was not entirely a transplantation or copy of local shamanism,but rather a 'reshuffle' of the country's system of shamanism in accordance with the origins of the Liu clan,in which each was artificially assigned his positions and duties.Some imperial activities,such as the sacrifices to heaven(封禅 fengshan) and tours of the country undertaken by the First Emperor of Qin and Emperor Wu of the Han,were not to pursue 'blessings' for themselves,but to seek the recognition of the gods in the eastern region.After the efforts of several emperors from the First Emperor of Qin to Emperor Wu and Emperor Cheng of the Han,the process of integrating the religious authority of the country was finally completed.

关 键 词：秦汉 简帛 神权 祭祀 巫术 

分 类 号：K877.4[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]