氮磷配施对玉米生长和养分利用的影响  

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Corn Growth and Fertilizer Use

作　　者：武继承[1,2] 杨永辉[1] 康永亮 田志浩 

机构地区：[1]河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所,河南郑州450002 [2]农业部作物高效用水原阳科学观测实验站,河南原阳453514 [3]禹州市农业技术推广中心,河南禹州461670

出　　处：《河南农业科学》2011年第10期68-71,共4页Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家"863"节水农业项目(2006AA100215);河南省重大社会公益性科研项目(081100911600);河南省省院科技合作项目(902106000009)

摘　　要：为探明丘陵旱地中低产田施肥对玉米增产和养分利用的影响,在禹州开展了玉米氮（0、90、180、270、360 kg/hm2）、磷（0、135 kg/hm2）配施研究。结果表明,合理的氮磷配比对改善玉米生长具有积极效果。单施氮肥,玉米株高随施氮量增加而增加,在180 kg/hm2纯氮时达到最高,穗长、有效穗长、穗粒数和粒茎比则以270 kg/hm2纯氮时达到最高;百粒重则随施氮量增加而增加。配施135 kg/hm2P2O5后,玉米株高、穗长随施氮量增加而升高,穗位、有效穗长、百粒重和穗粒数等在270 kg/hm2纯氮时达到最高。施磷肥处理与不施磷肥相应处理比较,株高增加3-10 cm,有效穗长增长0.26-0.45 cm,百粒重增加0.5-3.0 g,穗粒数增加8.8-39.8粒。与P0N0处理相比,各施肥处理平均增产5.81%-36.88%,以P135N270处理效果最好;不施磷时,随施氮量的增加产量递增,分别增产5.81%-25.23%,以P0N360处理效果最好;配施135 kg/hm2P2O5后,随施氮量增加产量增加,在N270时效果最好,增产21.56%。施磷肥处理与相应不施磷肥处理相比,分别增产6.21%-13.77%,以P135N90处理增产效果最佳。按照设定的产量目标,在常规不施磷肥时,要达到8 700 kg/hm2的产量目标,氮肥的用量最少需要270 kg/hm2;而在配施磷肥时,氮肥的需要量仅为180 kg/hm2。氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加而降低,磷肥利用率则随施氮量增加而提高,至P135N270时达到最高。同时,土壤耕层有机质增加0.2-2.2 g/kg,施磷处理有效磷提高0.50-1.75 mg/kg,不施磷处理有效磷则降低0.25-1.07 mg/kg,施氮处理水解氮提高3.3-16.2 mg/kg。因此,夏玉米要实现高产高效的目标,在追施氮肥的同时,需要配施适量的磷钾肥。To explore the effect of fertilization in low-yielding fields in the dry hilly areas on soil fertility and corn yield,the experiment of nitrogen（0,90,180,270,360 kg/ha）and phosphorus（0,135 kg/ha）fertilization was carried out in dry hillock in Yuzhou of Henan province.The results showed that the growth and development of corn could be improved by rational nitrogen and phosphorus ratio.Plant height increased with increasing nitrogen application under single nitrogen condition,and got to the highest at 180 kg/ha of nitrogen.The panicle length,effective panicle length,grains and grain-stem ratio reached maximum at 270 kg/ha of nitrogen.When 135 kg/ha of P2O5 was combined,the plant height and panicle length increased with nitrogen application increased.The panicle location,effective panicle length,100-grain weight and the grain number had the highest at 270 kg/ha of nitrogen.The phosphorus treatments improved the development of corn obviously compared to the corresponding treatment with no phosphorus.The plant height,the effective panicle length,the 100-grain weight and the grain number per ear increased by 3-10 cm,0.26-0.45 cm,0.5-3.0 g,8.8-39.8 grains,respectively.The average yield increased by 5.81%-36.88% compared with the P0N0 treatment,and the best one was the P135N270 treatment.Under no phosphorus application,the yield increased by 5.81%-25.23% with the amount of nitrogen increased,with the P0N360 treatment the best.After 135 kg/ha of P2O5 was added,the production increased with nitrogen application increased,and got to the highest at N270,increased by 21.56%.The yield of phosphorus treatments increased by 6.21%-13.77% compared to that of the corresponding treatment with no phosphate,and the best one was P135N90.According to the set production target of 8 700 kg/ha,the amount of nitrogen fertilizer was at least 270 kg/ha without phosphate application,while the nitrogen requirement was only 180 kg/ha when 135 kg/ha of P2O5 was applied.The efficiency of nitrogen utilization decreased with the increase of

关 键 词：玉米 中低产田 氮磷配施 产量 肥料利用 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]