夺、冲、追——谈运动员参赛角色的合理定位  

Coaches’ Psychology And Its Influence On Athletes

作　　者：张忠秋 

出　　处：《中国体育教练员》1997年第3期8-9,46,共3页Chinese Sports Coaches

摘　　要：“摆正位置”是大赛前后常能听到的话。但我国运动员在各类重大比赛中,因参赛位置摆得不正,由“夺”变“保”,自背包袱而饮恨的事例不胜枚举。“夺”之角色乃是弱者向强者冲击,“保”之角色则是强者守位防失。这是两种作用效果完全不同的参赛角色。“夺”与“保”常处于动态变换中,“夺”者往往是赛前战绩未在高处,或比赛过程中仍难分伯仲,此时的角色心态一般较平静、集中,对比赛结果没有过高的期望和压力,唯以冲击对手为目标和己任;进入比赛“保”之角色的运动员大多是赛前战绩占优或比赛过程中比分领先者,其心态则变得较为复杂、矛盾,运动员的注意力已从比赛过程更多地转向比赛结果。The special relation between coaches and athletes affects their emotions. Coaches' emotional in-fluence bears the feature of directess, expectation and reference.Directness is expressed in the fact that athletes feel coaches' emotional changes everywhere and at any time. Coaches' emotions of joy, anger, grief and happiness will directly affect athletes.Expecation is that athletes expect coaches to have stable and normal emotions, in particular, during a major competition.The expression of reference is that athletes often take coaches' emotional expression to certain objects as reference to evaluating their own emotions to them.Coaches personality also has great influence on athletes. It is reflected in three aspects. 1, Exem-plication. The influence of coaches' personality over a long time will cause athletes to take it as their example imperceptibly. 2. Effectiveness. Confidence on the part of coaches enables athletes to strengthen and consolidate their confidence. 3. Coordination. It denotes the athletes' approval of Coaches, person-ality.Coaches psychology has special influence on athletes. Therefor, special attention on the part of coaches should be paid to keep a proper psychological distance from athletes.

关 键 词：运动员 角色定位 比赛过程 重大比赛 比赛结果 认知焦虑 唤醒水平 比赛成绩 赛前 作用效果 

分 类 号：G804.87[文化科学—运动人体科学]