1819年黄河中游极端降水:史实、特征及气候背景  

Extreme precipitation in the Middle Reaches of Yellow River in 1819: Historical facts,characteristics and climate background

作　　者：张健[1] 满志敏[1] 张俊辉[2,3] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史地理研究中心,上海200433 [2]兰州大学西部环境与气候变化研究院,甘肃兰州730000 [3]宝鸡文理学院地理科学与环境工程系,陕西宝鸡721013

出　　处：《古地理学报》2011年第6期687-698,共12页Journal of Palaeogeography：Chinese Edition

基　　金：全球变化研究国家重大科学研究计划项目(编号:2010CB950102);教育部人文规划基金项目(编号:10YJA770011);河南省教育厅人文社会科学研究项目(编号:2010-jz-025)共同资助

摘　　要：据清宫档案与方志记载,复原了1819年(清嘉庆二十四年)黄河中、下游大范围房屋倒塌、民田冲没、人口伤亡、黄河多处决溢等雨涝灾情图景及时空分异特征,这是在明清小冰期大气候背景下的极端气候事件和重大气象灾害。研究指出,该年黄河中游夏秋季雨期长(连阴雨)、且多大到暴雨,二级流域(汾河、渭河)6—9月份降水县区雨日高达40日以上,与该年6—9月份黄河万锦滩报汛志桩的相对水位变化基本一致,可见该年下游洪涝灾害主要受中游极端降水所致,并利用Pearson-Ⅲ型分布曲线对志桩水位实测值进行分析,其最大水位乃百年一遇。主要有3个降水中心:(1)黄河中游干流北部河曲县至葭州段;(2)泾、渭流域上游区;(3)汾河流域中下游与黄、渭、洛三角区。认为该年降水异常不是非厄尔尼诺年大范围降水偏多的一般性特征的表现,与南极涛动指数(AAO)变化也不能对应,与太阳活动周期的较小值年、坦博拉火山活动持续影响等因子亦有较大关系。In this paper, the situation and space-time differentiation picture of extreme precipitation happened in more than one river valley over the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River in 1819 A. D. is reproduced by means of historical literature records, weather character, accompanied disasters, social impact （e. g. houses collapsed, fields deserted, population casualties, river runoff overflowing etc. ） and the external affecting factors in this year have been discussed, and they were extreme climatic events and serious meteorological disaster in the cold background of little Ice Age during Ming and Qing Dynasties. The researchers found the summer rain lasted long （ overcast and rainy） , the main types of rain were heavy rain, and even rainstorm. From June to September, it was more than 40 days to the rainfall dura- tion in the secondary river basin such as Fen River and Wei River in the Middle Reaches of Yellow River in 1819. With comparison, the rainfall change nearly keeps in step with the water level change process records of the Wanjintan in the Middle Reaches of Yellow River at the same time. Therefore, it is obvious that the floods in the Lower Reaches of Yellow River was caused by the extreme precipitation in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River. In addition, the records of water level change process of the Wan Jin Tan are tested on the Pearson-Ⅲ model of hydrologic distribution curve. The results indicate that the highest water level in flood in that year is once in a hundred year. By this measure, we can also infer that it produced extreme precipitation events in the Middle Reaches of theYellow River in 1819. The research shows three rainy centers： （1） from Hequ county to Jiazhou in the Middle Reaches of theYellow River mainstream; （2） the upstream of Jing River and Wei River; （3） the Middle and Lower Reaches of Fen river and the triangular areas among the Wei, Luo and Yellow Rivers. Precipitation anomalies and the characteristic feature of the years of anti-E1 Nino and Antarctic Osci

关 键 词：历史气候 黄河中游区 雨涝灾害 极端降水 1819年 

分 类 号：K901.9[历史地理—人文地理学]