水环境中亚硝酸盐聚集的原因及其对动植物的影响  

Causes of the increased nitrite concentrations in aquatic environments and their effects on the plant and animal survival

作　　者：陈卫民[1] 戴树桂[2] 张清敏[2] 

机构地区：[1]河南大学环境与规划学院,河南开封475000 [2]南开大学环境科学与工程学院,天津300071

出　　处：《安全与环境学报》2011年第6期9-15,共7页Journal of Safety and Environment

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展规划基金项目(2002BC412301)

摘　　要：分析了水环境中亚硝酸盐含量升高的原因,综述了其对动植物的毒理作用机制。认为亚硝酸盐浓度的升高主要是因为人为排放的亚硝酸盐增加和环境因素变化引起的硝酸盐不完全还原与铵盐不完全氧化所致。亚硝酸盐对动物的毒害作用,主要是高铁血红蛋白的形成引起机体缺氧,和亚硝酸盐导致的器官损伤与体内离子浓度变化紊乱了机体正常的生理功能;对植物的损伤主要是细胞内氧自由基含量的增加,能量转化效率下降,光合作用和一些酶活性受到抑制。The present paper is inclined to introduce our research on the causes of the increased nitrite concentrations in aquatic environments and their effects on the plant and animal survival. As a matter of fact, nitrite is a common pollutant in aquatic environment as a kind of intermediate product both of nitrification and denitrification in the nitrogen cycle. In healthy biological systems, it exists in a relatively floating form at low levels （μmol/L）, however, in certain conditions it can be accumulated due to the imbalance of the nitrification and denitrification processes or the influence of received agricultural effluents and industrial discharges with nitrite. It is for this reason that this paper thinks of it as a real need to make a general review of the broad range of parameters and environmental factors that involve the nitrite accumulation, such as the pH value, dissolved oxygen, temperature, phosphate and free ammonia, all of which are found to play their own role. In addition, nitrite accumulation can be said to be a potential problem in aquatic environment, in which freshwater creature actively takes up nitrite across the gills, leading to high internal concentrations. In fact, nitrite has multiple physiological effects, for example, it helps to activate efflux of potassium from skeletal muscle and erythrocytes, disturbing intracellular and extracellular K＋ levels. It can also help to transfer across the erythrocytic membrane the oxidation of haemoglobin to methaemoglobin, compromising blood O2 transport, which results in tissue hypoxia and anaerobic energy production that may cause histopathological changes in the organs such as in the liver. It can also induce vasodilation, which may result from the increase of cardiac pumping to reestablish blood pressure, and in turn to cause harmful effects on the plants. Nitrite also affects the process of photosynthesis of the plants quite significantly by inhibiting the rate of electron transfer and disturbing the distribution of absorbed stimulating ener

关 键 词：环境科学技术其他学科 亚硝酸盐聚集 硝化 反硝化 动物 植物 毒性 机理研究 

分 类 号：X503[环境科学与工程—环境工程]