影响花生氮素利用的因素研究及高效施氮技术规程  

Study on Factors Affecting Nitrogen Utilization and Technical Standards of Retrenching-nitrogen Cultivation in Peanut

作　　者：郑永美[1] 万更波 吴正锋[1] 孙奎香[1] 孙学武[1] 冯昊[1] 王才斌[1] 

机构地区：[1]山东省花生研究所,山东青岛266100 [2]菜西市农技站,山东莱西266600

出　　处：《花生学报》2011年第4期19-21,30,共4页Journal of Peanut Science

基　　金：“十一五”国家科技支撑计划(2009BADA8B03);山东省农科院博士后基金;青岛市公共领域科技支撑计划项目(10-3-3-20-nsh-2);山东省农业重大应用技术创新课题“花生丘陵旱地改良培肥与连作高产栽培技术研究”和“鲁南花生中低产田产量持续提升关键技术研究”;山东省自主创新成果转化重大专项(2009ZHZX1A1303)

摘　　要：研究了影响花生氮素利用的因素,结果表明:(1)不同基因型花生对氮素利用存在较大差异。土壤供氮率为51.9%～73.7%,其中晋安花生等较高,潍花8号较低;根瘤供氮率为10.5%～37.4%,其中3-XC135、潍花8号等较高,晋安花生较低;肥料供氮率10.8%～15.2%,其中蓬莱小粒皮红较高,3-XC128较低。(2)不施氮肥情况下,花生根瘤菌拌种增产显著,施氮肥情况下,根瘤菌拌种对荚果产量无明显增产作用,但可提高花生根瘤的固氮能力,部分替代氮素化肥。(3)根瘤菌拌种+有机肥或钼酸铵处理,可增加单株根瘤的数量和重量,荚果增产显著。(4)酰胺态氮可显著增加花生根长和根表面积,显著提高花生氮积累量、根瘤固氮量及根瘤固氮比例,而NO3--N和NH4+-N+NO3--N对花生根系及根瘤固氮的促进作用较小,NH4+-N居中。(5)集成出以"确定适宜目标产量、选用氮高效品种、准确定氮、合理施用缓释肥、提倡施用根瘤菌剂和提早减量分次化控"为主要内容的花生高效施氮技术规程。Factors affecting nitrogen utilization in peanut were discussed. Results showed that： （1） The difference of nitrogen utilization among peanut varieties was significant. Proportion of nitrogen absorbed from soil was 51.9%-73.7%. The proportion of nitrogen absorbed from soil Jin＇an was higher than other peanut varieties, and that of Weihua 8 was the lowest. Proportion of nitrogen fixed by nodule was 10.5%-37.4%. The proportion of 3-XC135 and Weihua 8 were higher, but Jin＇an was the lowest among all peanut varieties. Proportion of nitrogen absorbed from fertilizer was 10.8%-15.2%. Among the tested peanut varieties, that of Penglaixiaolipihong was the highest, and 3--XC128 was the lowest. （2） On the condition of no nitrogen fertilizer, applicaton of peanut rhizobia could remarkably increase yield of pod. Compared with application of nitrogen fertilizer, the applying of peanut rhizobia and nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on increasing yield of pod. While it could increase the nitrogen fixation, and it could partly substitute for nitrogen fertilizer. （3） The treatments of application of peanut rhizobia ＋ organic fertilizer and application of peanut rhizobia ＋ ammonium molybdate could increase nodule number and nodule weight, and it remarkably increased yield of pod. （4） Amidonitrogen could remarkably increase root length and root surface area, and enhanced nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen fixation and ratio of nitrogen fixation. But the NO3- -N and NH4＋ -N＋NO3- -N had no obviously advantaged actions on root growth and nitrogen fixation. （5） Technical standards of retrenching-nitrogen cultivation in peanut were established, which include determining suitable target yield, selecting nitrogen efficient varieties, determining appropriate nitrogen fertilizer, reasonably application of slow-release fertilizer, promoting the application of peanut rhizobia, and chemical controlment according to early, less, and many times.

关 键 词：花生 氮素利用 影响因素 高效施氮 技术规程 

分 类 号：S565.2[农业科学—作物学] S143.1