日本绳纹文化时期漆树(Toxicodendron Vernicifluum)的引进和使用(英文)  

Introduction and use of Toxicodendron Vernicifluum Stokes(lacquer tree) during the prehistoric Jomon period in Japan

作　　者：Shuichi Noshiro Mitsuo Suzuki Yuka Sasaki 

机构地区：[1]Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute [2]Botanical Gardens,Tohoku University [3]Paleo Labo Co.,Ltd.

出　　处：《中国生漆》2011年第4期25-30,共6页Journal of Chinese Lacquer

基　　金：supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No.17200050 to M.Suzuki) from the Ministry of Education,Science and Culture,Japan

摘　　要：在日本漆器及漆器加工在绳纹文化时期(约开始于6300B.P.,即约5300B.C.)开始普及。漆树(Toxicodendron vernicifluum)被认为是史前从中国作为植物引入,一直在日本种植生长,但是一直没有这方面的考古证据,直至2004年这种漆树与本土的(Toxicodendron)树种的木材结构的被明确区分开为止。新的鉴别结果表明从绳纹时代早期开始(T.vernicifluum)普遍种植于本州中部到北部。这说明从绳纹文化早期开始(Toxicodendron vernicifluum)一般种植于居住地周围,且被史前居民看作是周围环境中非常重要的一种自然资源。在绳纹文化时期大漆不仅仅被用作涂料,也用作粘结或模型材料。漆树不仅仅用于采集大漆,也用于底地的建筑。例如东京的 Shimo-yakebe 遗址的考古发掘表明,一百多棵漆树和栗树(Castaneacrenata)用于河边成排的木桩。Shimo-yakebe遗址的居民首先从种植于居住地周围的Toxicodendron vernicifluum树上采集大漆,然后砍伐漆树,将木头用于底地的建筑。同样Toxicodendron vernicifluum树在绳纹文化时期在底地建筑上的应用在本州中部和北部地区普遍被发现,可见绳纹文化时期的居民已清楚地认识到在饱水情况下Toxicodendron vernicifluum木材具有良好的耐久性。在10到20年前绳纹文化时期的居民传统上被看作是简单的采集狩猎者。Toxicodendron vernicifluum树在绳纹文化时期的利用表明这个时期该植物资源被引进、种植、管理、并多方利用,进而明确地证实史前先民并不是过着原始简单的生活。In Japan, lacquered artefacts and remains of lacquer processing became common items in the early Jomon period beginning at ca. 6300 B. P. （ ca. 5300 cal B. C. ）. However, there was no archaeobotani- cal evidence that Toxicodendron vernicifluum （lacquer tree）, which is thought to be a prehistoric introduction from China on botanical grounds, grew in Japan until its distinction in wood structure from those of native Toxicodendron species was clarified in 2004. This new refinement in identification revealed that T. vernicifluum commonly grew in middle to northern Honshu since the early Jomon period. The results indicated that Toxicodendron vernicifluum was planted commonly around settlements since the early Jomon period and was regarded by the prehistoric people as an important item among the surrounding natural resources. In the Jomon periods, lacquer was used not only as paint, but also as glue or modeling material, and the trees were used not just for lacquer collection, but also for building in the lowland. At the Shimo - yakebe site, Tokyo, for example, more than one hundred of its trees were employed for rows of stakes in a river together with Cas- tanea crenata. Thus people at the Shimo - yakebe site first collected lacquer from Toxicodendron vernicifluum trees planted around settlements and then felled and used their timber for lowland construction. Similar usage of Toxicodendron vernicifluum trees during the Jomon period for lowland construction is commonly found in central and northern Honshu, and the Jomon people clearly recognized the durability of Toxicodendron vernici- fluum timber in such waterlogged conditions. Traditionally the Jomon people was regarded as plain hunter - gathers until ten to twenty years ago. Usage of Toxicodendron vernicifluum trees during the Jomon period shows introduction, plantation, management, and various employments of plant resources in this period and clearly denies the simple schema for the lives of this prehistoric people.

关 键 词：日本 绳纹文化时期 漆树 植物引进 TOXICODENDRON vernicifluum 木材利用 

分 类 号：K883.13[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]