何国宗、梅瑴成与传教士之间的合作与斗争  

Cooperation and Struggle between Chinese Official Scientists and Western Missionaries in the 18th Century

作　　者：郭世荣[1] 

机构地区：[1]内蒙古师范大学科学技术史研究院,内蒙古呼和浩特010022

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2012年第1期7-12,125,共6页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(编号:10561006)

摘　　要：自1629年崇祯改历起,传教士在中国天文历法机构中一直占有重要地位。他们与中国科学家之间有时密切合作,有时又血腥斗争,更多的是既合作又竞争。何国宗与梅成在数学方面都有良好的家学背景,又在清宫蒙养斋接受数学教育和培养,成为康熙晚期到乾隆前期的官方科学家。他们早期与传教士白晋、张诚、杜德美、傅圣泽等人可能有较为良好的关系,但从1713年他们联合主持编纂《律历渊源》开始,就逐渐和在钦天监工作的传教士纪理安、戴进贤、徐懋德等人产生了矛盾,从相互合作,到相互竞争,最后发展到相互仇视。以一些中文资料和传教士的书信为基础,本文讨论何国宗、梅成与传教士之间的合作与斗争关系。他们的斗争涉及到康乾时期几项重要的科学工作,如在编纂《律历渊源》和《历象考成后编》过程中的矛盾与斗争,对于钦天监领导权的斗争,借助推算日食的斗争,利用宗教政策以及古旧天文仪器的保护等发起的进攻,等等。他们之间的这种关系不仅对当时朝廷的天文历法研究和钦天监的日常工作产生了重大的影响,而且对整个清中期的科学评论也产生了重要的影响。Missionaries played an important role in Qintianjian, or the Chinese Imperial Astronomical Bureau, since 1629 whenthey took part in the calendar reform in China. There were both friendly cooperation and bloody struggles between the missionariesand the Chinese official scientists in different times. Mostly, however, cooperation and competition took the lead. Both He Guozong(?-1766) and Mei Juecheng (1681-1763) were born in astronomical and mathematical families. They were trained in mathematics andastronomy in Mengyangzai, a mathematical research institute, educated and guided by Emperor Kangxi (1654-1722) himself, andbecame official scientists in the sequel. They seemed to have kept good relation with missionaries who worked as scientists inKangxi’s Court, such as Joachim Bouvet (1656-1730), J. F. Gerbillon (1654-1704), P. Jartoux (1668-1720), J. F. Foucquet(1665-1741), among others. But since 1713 when they were ordered by Emperor Kangxi to compile the Liili Yuanyuan (Origins ofMathematics, Astronomy and Music), a set of scientific works with three treatises, the relation became worse and worse between theChinese scientists He Guozong and Mei Juecheng and the missionaries in Qintianjian such as Bernardus Kilian Stumpf (1656-1720),Ignatius K6gler (1680-1746) and Andreas Pereira (1690-1743). On the one hand they had to cooperate with each other under thecontrol of the Emperor, on the other hand they competed and struggled so that they regarded their opponents as enemy. Based onsome original materials, the present paper deals with the relation between He, Mei and the missionaries. This relation is discussed inthe context of several important events, such as their conflict in the compilations of Liili Yuanyuan and Lixiang Kaocheng Houbian(Sequel to Compendium of Observational and Computational Astronomy), their struggle for the domination of Qintianjian, theircompetition in the prediction of solar eclipse, struggles and attacks that made use of imperial policy in religion and protection for oldastronomical instrum

关 键 词：何国宗 梅瑴成 传教士 合作与竞争 

分 类 号：N09[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]