亚述帝国的“拉科苏”士兵探析  

The Raksu Soldiers of the Assyrian Empire

作　　者：国洪更[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所,副研究员北京100006

出　　处：《世界历史》2012年第1期99-114,161,共16页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目"亚述赋役制度研究"(项目编号:08CSS001)的阶段性成果;"教育部留学回国人员科研启动基金"资助

摘　　要：亚述帝国的"拉科苏"(raksu)士兵是宦官长麾下国王卫队的精锐。尽管"拉科苏"士兵主要由被征服地区的人员组成,但是他们享受免赋役的特权。公元前9世纪末和公元前8世纪初,实力雄厚的亚述高官企图挑战国王的权威,国王依靠宦官长及其统帅的国王卫队保住了王位。国王论功行赏,擢升宦官长,豁免其麾下忠勇士兵的赋役,"拉科苏"士兵于是应运而生。随着大量俘虏的收编,国王卫队的规模不断扩大,进而发展成为亚述帝国的常备军,并在对外扩张中大显身手。国王奖赏常备军表现卓异的士兵,"拉科苏"士兵不时出现。亚述帝国末期,实力膨胀的宦官长觊觎王位,国王的近卫军可能是其谋逆的帮凶,"拉科苏"士兵或卷入其中。"拉科苏"士兵的出现及其功能的异化与亚述政局的变化密切相关。The type of soldiers denoted by raksu were the crack soldiers of the king's squad of guards headed by the chief eunuch.They were composed of the people from the conquered territories,and were characterized by being exempted from taxes and civilian services.In the ninth and eighth centuries B.C.,the king's authority was despised by some powerful officials.The kings held their royal throne with the support of the chief eunuch and his squad of guards.The kings rewarded their loyal services by promoting the chief eunuch and exempting the distinguished soldiers from taxes and civilian services,and the raksu soldiers emerged right at this historic moment.With the incorporation of captives in a large number,the king's squad of guards became the standing army of the Assyrian Empire,and they distinguished themselves well in the expansion campaigns.The kings rewarded their outstanding soldiers by relieving their taxes and services,and the raksu soldiers rose occasionally.In the last days of the Assyrian empire,the powerful chief eunuch coveted king's throne,and the troops in his command,possibly including some raksu soldiers,might be his accomplices.The rise of raksu soldiers and the alienation of their roles were closely related with the change of the Assyrian politics.

关 键 词：亚述帝国 “拉科苏”士兵 宦官长 国王卫队 

分 类 号：K124[历史地理—历史学]