再议科学实在、科学实在论和反实在论  

A Further Discussion on Reality in Science, Scientific Realism and Anti-realism

作　　者：李醒民[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院<自然辩证法通讯>杂志社

出　　处：《哲学分析》2012年第1期129-157,199,共29页Philosophical Analysis

摘　　要：实在是多重的,包括本体实在、常识实在和理论实在,但是科学实在只有本体实在和理论实在。本体实在具有形而上学性质,实际上是一种科学信念或科学预设。理论实在是科学中的基本概念之一,属于科学公理的一部分。二者都作为科学研究纲领起作用。科学实在论和反实在论的样态是班驳的,其名目繁多,而主张则大同小异。科学实在论有足够的理由为自己辩护,但是强实在论又显得过于僵化。反实在论也有一定的可取之处,但是其基本主张过于激进和极端。必须在二者之间保持必要的张力(张力的平衡点偏向科学实在论),形成一种能够恰当诠释科学,并适应科学进一步发展的中正的科学实在论。彭加勒、迪昂、爱因斯坦等哲人科学家的充满多元张力的综合科学实在论,就是这种中正科学实在论。Reality is multi-dimensional, including ontological reality, reality in common sense and theoretical reality. However, reality in science only involves the first and the third meaning. The ontological reality is of metaphysical character. It is a kind of scientific belief or presupposition in essence. Theoretical reality is one of the fundamental concepts in science, which belongs to a part of the scientific axioms. These two types of reality fuction as the scientific research program. Aspects of scientific realism and anti-realism are multicolored and multitudinous in its names, but their views are the same in essence while differing in minor points. Scientific realism has sufficient reason to defend itself while strong realism seems to be too rigid. Anti-realism also has some merits in a sense, but its basic idea is radical and excessive. It is necessary to keep the tension between scientific realism and anti-realism (the balance point of tension inclines to the former) and form a positive scientific realism that can properly interpret science and be adapted to the further development of science. The synthetic scientific realism full of multi-tension held by such philosopher-scientists as Poincaré, Duhem and Einstein is none other than this positive scientific realism.

关 键 词：科学 本体实在 理论实在 科学实在论 反实在论 哲人科学家 

分 类 号：N02[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]