美国跨界大气环境监管经验对中国的借鉴  

Approach to Management of Transboundary Air Pollution in American

作　　者：汪小勇[1] 万玉秋[1] 姜文[2] 缪旭波 朱晓东[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学环境学院,污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室,江苏南京210046 [2]重庆工商大学融智学院,重庆400033 [3]环境保护部华东环境保护督查中心,江苏南京210042

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2012年第3期118-123,共6页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：“十一五”国家科技支撑计划重点项目“跨区域环境监管制度与若干监管技术规范研究”(编号:2007BAC16B05);国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项“武进港水环境综合整治方案与工程效益评估”(编号:2008ZX07101-004-05)

摘　　要：大气污染因其污染因子易受气候变化等影响,可进行长距离跨界传输,是典型的跨行政边界问题。我国地域辽阔,行政区域众多且与多个国家接壤或比邻,跨界污染问题研究十分必要。近年来,我国区域性大气污染问题明显,管理手段落后,缺乏相应管理体制和机制。美国在跨界大气环境管理方面取得了显著的成果,积累了丰富的经验,这对我国大气环境管理,尤其是跨界大气环境管理工作具有重要的借鉴意义。本文首先以美国大气跨界污染治理为例,结合具体实例,主要从机构设置、职能职责、运作方式三个方面详细分析了州内、州与州与之间以及跨国界三个层次跨界大气环境监管体系;其次,从上述几方面对我国与美国跨区域大气环境监管机制进行逐项比较分析;再次,对我国跨区域大气环境监管体系障碍分析认为,统分结合的环境管理体制和尚未建立区域联防联控机制是借鉴发达国家跨界大气环境监管经验的主要障碍;在此基础上,针对我国的跨区域大气环境管理工作提出5个方面的建议,即成立跨区域的权力机构;加强政府区域间协调合作;强化依法治理;多种管理手段综合应用;加强信息公开和公众参与。Air pollution is a transboundary problem, disregarding political boundaries, as prevailing winds and weather patterns move pollutants over long distances. The territory of China is vast and there are many administrative regions, with a number of other countries bordering on our country, so it is necessary to carry out research into transboundary pollution. In recent years, more regional air pollution issues appear, but the management level is backward and relative management system and mechanism have not been established. The United States has gained remarkable achievements and experience in the management of transboundary air environment management. These achievements and experience could be used as references for the air environment management in China, especially for the management of transboundary air. First, using case studies of the United States, we examine air pollution monitoring mechanism by agent setting, functions and duties, and mode of operation at three regional scales ： within states, among states, and across national borders. Second,the pape compares transboundary mechanisms for atmospheric environment of China and the United States. Third, China＇ s main barriers borrow the experience of transboundany management for air pollution of the developed Countries are the current environmental system of unified management combined with indepedent management and no joint control mechanism of the zone defense. On the basis of above analyses, the paper puts forward following suggestions for the air environment management in China： establish transboundary authority, strengthen coordination and cooperation among regional governments, strengthen the rule by law, integrated comprehensively integrate the application of a variety of management tools, and strengthen information disclosure and encourage the public participation.

关 键 词：跨界污染 大气污染 环境监管 启示 

分 类 号：X3[环境科学与工程—环境工程]