传统中国建筑四合院的研究  

Research on Conventional Quadrangles in China

作　　者：陈启高[1] 

机构地区：[1]重庆建筑大学建筑城规学院,重庆400045

出　　处：《重庆建筑大学学报》2000年第1期1-4,共4页Journal of Chongqing Jianzhu University

摘　　要：传统的中国四合院建筑是源远流长,影响深久。西周讲究文治和农耕建设逐渐富裕和强大,逐水草而居,后来凤鸣歧山,解放奴隶,招降纳叛,西伯建立强大势力,成兴周灭纣成就封建帝国。姬周一代解放奴隶生产力,以窑洞、四合院的杰出成就流传至今。在黄土高原上存在窑洞已三千多年,仍为中、外学者所属目。而窑洞从来区分为两种;即下沉式和岩洞式(掏复和掏穸)。下沉式窑洞内因有一水坑,可溶解和吸收二氧化碳等污物,对保持其中空气质量有很大的好处,这比岩洞式的通风不良要好得多。周原县的出土文物四合院就在宝鸡歧山附近。四合院与下沉式窑洞类似,作用机理相同。为中华民族留下民族建筑瑰宝(1)。历史发展过程中,四合院成为清代鸦片战争以前中国建设的主要建筑形式。晋、唐以来发展风水术,四合院建筑术新的发展。给风水下了一定义。生(氧)气遇风则散,遇水则止,古人聚之使不散,行之使有止。故谓之风水。这是风水学说最精僻的定义。所谓风水意在储氧,这是四合院的精华所在。唐初,李淳风、袁天罡既谙天象,也懂风水,在当时四川的首府阆中物色了风水宝地,据称是人间天上,玄圃阆风,人间仙境。其地在大巴山南麓,嘉陵江一支流与东河围绕,山风谷风,气流清鲜,令李、袁辈流连亡返,老死其间。阆中风水宝地,不可不作一游。但风?The conventional quadrangles in China can be traced back to ancient Zhou dynasty. On the loess plateau there had been cave dwellings developed. There are two formations of cave dwellings: first kinds are the cave dwellings in atrium and the others are the cave dwellings within cliff side. The air quality in the former is better than that in the latter. The quadrangle is similar to the cave dwelling in atrium. The air quality in the quadrangle is the key problem to be solved. Since the Jin Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, the quadrangle as a fengshui building had a new development. There had been a definition given to the fengshui(wind-water), that is the oxygen is gone with wind and stopped by meeting water, it is collected by wise men and its movement is restricted by an end. The famous Li Chunfeng(the geomancer) and Yuan Tiangang(the astrologer) had discovered a famous wind-water land located on the southern slope of the Daba Mountain and rounded by Jialing River and East River,where, the Langzhong City is like a fairyland. However, such land is a rarely thing, but the quadrangle can make the dweller healthy and long-lived.

关 键 词：四合院 构造 天井集氧 建筑能量效益 中国建筑 

分 类 号：TU241.5[建筑科学—建筑设计及理论]