不同地力水平下超级稻高产高效适宜施氮量及其机理的研究  

Optimum nitrogen application and its mechanism of high yield and efficiency technique in super rice under different soil fertilities

作　　者：张军[1] 董啸波[1] 葛梦婕[1] 张洪程[1] 郭保卫[1] 陈京都[1] 姚义[1] 戴其根[1] 霍中洋[1] 许轲[1] 魏海燕[1] 

机构地区：[1]扬州大学农学院,农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心,江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室,江苏扬州225009

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2012年第2期261-272,共12页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家粮食丰产科技工程项目（2011BADl6803）;江苏粮食丰产科技工程（BE2009425）;超级稻配套栽培技术开发与技术集成项目（农业部专项）资助.

摘　　要：在江苏淮北稻区,稻麦两熟制条件下,选取有代表性的超级稻品种徐稻3号（中熟中粳）为供试材料,系统研究了麦茬田高、中、低3种地力水平上不同施氮量对超级稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响,并探讨了不同地力水平上超级稻高产高效的机理。结果表明：1）同一施氮水平下,高地力土壤上水稻产量显著高于中地力,中地力显著高于低地力,两年3种地力水平上的最高产量对应的最适施氮量分别为259.9和261.7 kg/hm^2、290.1和290.8kg/hm^2、346.8和344.1 kg/hm^2;2）氮肥表观利用率与施氮量之间存在显著或极显著的二次曲线关系,两年的最高氮肥表观利用率对应的施氮量分别为高地力274.1和263.0 kg/hm^2、中地力295.4和291.3 kg/hm^2、低地力332.6和337.7 kg/hm^2,不同地力水平及施氮量条件下,氮素收获指数、氮素稻谷生产效率及氮素生理利用率差异显著,均随施氮量增加而降低,不同地力水平之间表现为高地力〈中地力〈低地力的趋势;3）不同地力水平上通过调节施氮量可以获得较高总颖花量,产量构成因素能够协调发展,随着生育期进程的推进,不同地力水平上随施氮量增加,水稻群体氮素积累量呈上升趋势,氮素转移率与贡献率降低,而抽穗到成熟阶段的氮素吸收速率表现出先升后降的趋势,以上各项指标均表现出高地力〉中地力〉低地力的水平。通过对不同地力条件下施氮量与产量及氮素吸收利用关系的研究,认为不同地力土壤实现氮肥高产高效目标,高地力土壤应适时控氮肥,以调整产量构成因素协同发展同时提高氮素利用率;中、低地力应加强培肥地力并增施氮肥,增大群体总颖花量及植株的氮素累积量;该地区高、中、低3种地力水平麦茬田上氮肥高产高效对应的合理施氮量分别为264.7（259.9～274.1）kg/hm^2、290.8（290.1～295.4）kg/hm^2、344.1（332.6～346.8）kg/hm^2。In the rice-wheat double cropping system of the Huaibei region, Jiangsu province, super rice ＇ Xudao 3＇ , a representative middle-season and middle japonica rice cultivar, was used to study the effects of different nitrogen application rates on yield, nitrogen uptake and utilization of super rice under different levels of soil fertility. Furthermore, the mechanism of high yield and efficiency technique in super rice under different soil conditions was explored. The results show that under the same nitrogen application level, the rice yields of high-fertility fields are significantly higher than those of middle-fertility fields, and the yields the low-fertility fields are least. According to the measurement of two years, the maximum yields corresponding to the optimum nitrogen fertilization are 259.9 and 261.7 kg/ha, 290. 1 and 290.8 kg/ha, 346. 8 and 344. lkg/ha in the three kinds of soils in the two years, respectively. There are significant quadratic relationships between apparent N recovery efficiency （ANRE） and N application rate, and the optimal N application rates for the highest ANRE are 274. 1 and 263.0 kg/ha, 295.4 and 291.3 kg/ha, 332.6 and 337.7 kg/ha in the three kinds of soils in the two years, respectively. Nitrogen harvest index （NHI）, nitrogen production efficiency （NPGE） and physiological nitrogen use efficiency （PNUE） are significantly different, which are decreased with the increase of the nitrogen application rates. Higher total spikelets could be obtained by adjusting amount of nitrogen under different soil fertilities, and the yield components could develop coordinately. With the development of plant growth, nitrogen accumulation rates are increased, while NTE （Nitrogen translocation amount） and NCR （Nitrogen translocation efficiency） are decreased, and N uptake rates are increased firstly and then decreased from heading to maturity. The above indicators are in order： high soil fertility 〉 medium soil fertility 〉 low soil fertility. By studying the relations

关 键 词：超级稻 地力水平 施氮量 产量 氮素吸收 氮素利用 

分 类 号：S511.061[农业科学—作物学]