“权力外移”与晚清权力结构的演变(1855--1875)  

The "Outward Flow of Power" and the Evolution of the Late Qing Power Structure,1855—1875

作　　者：王瑞成[1] 

机构地区：[1]宁波大学历史系教授,宁波315000

出　　处：《近代史研究》2012年第2期28-46,160,共19页Modern Chinese History Studies

摘　　要：太平天国及捻军起义、第二次鸦片战争、辛酉政变三个相继发生的重大事件,促成了湘军、淮军和总理衙门等一系列新制度的创设。这一制度创新的共同特点是王朝应对外部危机而采取的横向分权,在体制外形成新的制度和权力中心,并与共同的对手之间构成三角权力制衡,呈现权力外移而非权力下移的特征。在战时体制向常规时期体制的过渡中,曾国藩和所统湘军走上战后复员老路而趋于衰微;左宗棠和李鸿章则在变化了的大环境下,寻找到自强新目标,将战时外移的权力延展到新的体制外新机制中。最终,以李鸿章和淮军为核心的洋务体制,整合了由内转外的各种新势力和新制度,形成与王朝旧体制并存的双轨制结构,并在与外国势力抗衡中形成相对稳定的权力架构。由此可见权力外移而非权力下移才是甲午战争前权力结构变动的主导趋势;而中国内部纷繁曲折的制度创设和权力结构变动是这一时期历史之变最重要的内涵,也是晚清史真正意义之所在。The succession of three critical events—the Taiping and Nian uprisings,the Second Opium War and the Xinyou Coup,helped establish a series of new institutions such as the Xiang Army,the Huai Army and the Zongli Yamen.The common characteristic of these new institutions was a horizontal dispersion of the Qing court's power in response to outside crisis.These institutions formed new institutional centers and power centers outside the old system,and struck a triangular balance of power between the new system,the old system and their common opponents.This process is characterized by an outward flow of power,but not a downward transfer of power.Zeng Guofan and his Xiang Army gradually went into decline during the transition from wartime organization to standing system,because they took the old path of demobilizing after war. On the contrary,Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang found a new goal of self-strengthening in a changed social environment, thereby harnessing the power that flowed outward during the war and extending it into new institutions outside the official system.In the end,the self-strengthening system headed by Li Hongzhang and the Huai Army integrated a number of new forces and new institutions that had made the transition from the inner court to the outer world,forming a dual-track system as it co-existed with the old system of the Qing government.During the process of fighting against the foreign powers this dual -track system became a comparatively stable power framework.Therefore,the outward flow of power without a downward transfer of power is the main trend of the changes in the power structure before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894—1895;and the complex and tortuous paths that led to new institutions and changes in the power structure are the most important phenomenon of this historical period,as well as the locus of the real meaning of late Qing history.

关 键 词：湘军 淮军 总理衙门 权力结构 洋务体制 

分 类 号：K252[历史地理—历史学]