新疆新塔拉遗址农业活动特征及其影响的植物指标记录  

CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AT XINTALA SITE,XINJIANG,RECONSTRUCTED FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL PLANT REMAINS

作　　者：赵克良[1] 李小强[1] 周新郢[1] John Dodson 纪明[3] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所人类演化实验室,北京100044 [2]澳大利亚核科学与技术组织环境研究所 [3]中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,南京210008

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2012年第2期219-225,共7页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(973项日)(批准号:2010CB950204)资助

摘　　要：本文选择新疆中部新塔拉剖面为研究对象,运用炭化种子和花粉等植物指标,对新塔拉先民农业活动及其环境效应进行了探讨。新塔拉小麦炭化种子直接测年为3682～3921 cal.aB.P.,指示新塔拉地区早在3800cal.aB.P.左右已有小麦农业,与古墓沟小麦遗存相当,早于小河墓地小麦遗存。研究显示新塔拉在3600～3900cal.aB.P.之间农业活动以小麦种植为主,黍作为辅。新疆地区干旱气候条件下,农业活动尤其是灌溉农业可导致土地盐碱化加剧。土地盐碱化可能是新塔拉地区3600cal.aB.P.以后农业活动减弱的主要原因。Xinjiang,a strategic passage of the Silk Road due to its Central Asia position,was also a significant bridge of cultural exchange between the East and West. The characteristics of early agriculture activities of Xinjiang as well as its role in the early agricultural dispersal are the hot topics of common concern in the field of archaeology and past global changes. The Xintala section （ 42°12′59. 1″N, 86°55′51.6″E, 1075 m a. s. 1. ） , is a 380cm deep excavation, located on the eastern part of Xintala site in Heshuo County of Central Xinjiang. The section contains many remains of human activities, including pottery fragments and charcoal. Based on the AMS ~4C dating, charred seeds and pollen records from the section, the characteristics of agricultural activities and its impacts on the environment were explored. 90 wheat,25 naked barley and 22 broomcorn millet seed remains were collected from the section by using the sieving and floating method. The dating of carbonized wheat seed in the bottom of the section is 3682 - 3921cal. aB. P. indicating that wheat was grown no later than ca. 3800cal. aB. P. in Xintala. The dating is same to the Gumugou and earlier than Xiaohe. Our data also reveals that wheat was the principal crop between ca. 3600cal. aB. P. and 3900cal. aB. P. in Xintala. The increase of the percentages of Chenopodiaceae and Nitraria pollen is associated with the decrease of Artemisia and Gramineae content in the upper part of the section,which indicates an increase in soil salinity. The salinization was suggested to have been caused by the agricultural activities, especially by the irrigated agriculture. Land salinization resulted possibly in the weakening of agricultural activities after 3600cal. aB. P. in Xintala.

关 键 词：新塔拉遗址农业活动 炭化小麦 花粉 土地盐碱化 

分 类 号：K878[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] Q948[历史地理—历史学]