明清时期徽州的宗族与保甲推行  

On the Huizhou Clans and the Pursuing of the Bao-Jia System in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：陈瑞[1] 

机构地区：[1]安徽省社会科学院历史所,安徽合肥230051

出　　处：《中国农史》2012年第1期88-103,共16页Agricultural History of China

基　　金：国家社科基金项目<明清徽州宗族与乡村社会控制研究>(07CZS009);教育部人文社会科学研究基地项目<传统职业变迁与明清徽州社会人口流动研究>(07JJD770112)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：明清时期徽州境内的保甲推行得到了当地宗族组织的支持与配合。徽州宗族推行保甲的举措主要包括:(一)在族内实行门房支派、家户、家丁等不同层级的轮流承管制度,以分担保甲之役;(二)通过摊派或鼓励捐助等方式在族内设立保甲银等固定基金,对承充保甲之役人员实行津贴制,以确保保甲之役的顺利完成;(三)针对一些族人经商外地,难以及时承充保甲之役,在族内实行雇役制,商人则需承担相应的费用;(四)异姓宗族在保甲之役承充方面进行着有效合作,主要根据各自的人口、钱粮等实力因素,实行朋充或轮充制,以分担保甲之役。徽州宗族在保甲之役承充方面的合作,有较为细致明确的分工,灵活而富有弹性。由于保甲制的推行和保甲组织的运作具有浓厚的官方色彩和官方背景,因而,明清时期徽州宗族与保甲之间的良性互动,实质上是徽州族权与封建政权之间良性互动关系的一种反映。The in the Ming and Qing pursuing of the Bao-Jia system obtained the support Dynasties. The measures of Huizhou clans pursuing and coordination from Huizhou clans the Bao-Jia system contained： First- ly, in order to share the Bao-Jia corv 6 e, the lunchong （on duty by turns）system had been carried out by each branch, household or population within the Huizhou clans. Scondly, in order to finish the burdensome tasks from feudal official, the fixed funds （e.g. Bao-Jia silver） which served as extra allowance for the Bao-Jia corv 6 e, had been set up by apportion or donation within the Huizhou clans. Thirdly, in order to finish the Bao-Jia corv 6 e taken by out-of-town merchants, all kinds of flexible wage labourer systems had been carried out, and merchants must accept relative expense within the Huizhou clans. Fourthly, in order to share the Bao-Jia corv 6 e, cooperations based on the fiscal solvency （e.g. population or land tax） had been taken be- tween the different clans. And the lunchong （on duty by turns） system and the pengchong（on duty by collective strength） system were main forms. All kinds of cooperations on the Bao-Jia corv 6 e within or between the Huizhou clans were flexible and effective. A kind of virtuous reciprocal relation had been formed between the Huizhou clans and the Bao-Jia organization, and it was a reflex of the virtuous reciprocal relations between the Huizhou clan authority and the feudal regime because of pronounced official colour of the Bao-Jia organization.

关 键 词：徽州 宗族 保甲组织 保甲制度 轮充 朋充 社会控制 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] K249[历史地理—中国史]