中国块菌要览及其保护策略  

Outline of Chinese Truffles and Their Conservational Strategies

作　　者：刘培贵[1] 王云[1,2] 王向华[1] 陈娟[1,3] 郑焕娣[1,4] 邓晓娟[1] 乔鹏[1] 姜华[1] 田宵飞[1,5] 张介平[1] 万山平[1] 王冉[1,6] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院昆明植物研究所,中国科学院生物多样性与生物地理学重点实验室,昆明650204 [2]新西兰皇家植物和食品研究所 [3]中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学药用植物研究所,北京100193 [4]真菌学国家重点实验室(筹),中国科学院微生物研究所,北京100101 [5]中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园,西双版纳666303 [6]西南大学生命科学学院,重庆400715

出　　处：《菌物研究》2011年第4期232-243,共12页Journal of Fungal Research

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(30470011;30770007);NSFC与云南联合基金项目(U0836604);云南科技强省计划项目(2009AC013);中国科学院院长特别基金项目(1035;1022);中国科学院生物多样性与生物地理学重点实验室特别资助项目(0806361121)

摘　　要：截至目前报道的中国块菌有28种,其中黑块菌4种,白块菌24种。具有重要经济价值和生态价值的黑块菌类有印度块菌复合种和中国夏块菌,其中印度块菌复合种与欧洲法国黑孢块菌属于姊妹类群,中国夏块菌与欧洲夏块菌也是姊妹类群。虽然欧洲意大利白块菌在中国尚未找到、波氏块菌在中国的存在尚待最终确认,但是,最近的更多白块菌新种的发现,说明中国块菌的多样性要比预期的丰富得多。分子生物学分析结果表明,这些新的块菌种类不仅和欧洲种有着紧密的亲缘,而且和北美的种也有一些联系,特别是与欧洲块菌有着历史渊源。这些发现有力地支持了欧亚块菌共同起源于古地中海、之后各自分布于中国西南和欧洲地中海地区繁衍至今,形成现代分布格局。新近发现的大批白块菌类群表明中国西南块菌资源十分丰富、种类极其多样,很可能是起源古老保留下来一个大分支,暗示着中国特别是西南地区是世界块菌起源和分化中心,有力支持了中国特别是西南地区是世界块菌起源和分化中心的学说。中国块菌的共生树种种类比世界任何地区都丰富多样,不仅有与阔叶树,如栎、榛、杨、板栗等形成菌根关系,更多的是与松、云杉和冷杉等针叶树,而且还有特有树,如油杉等形成菌根关系。中国块菌对土壤等要求及适应性相对也宽泛,产量大而集中,分布广,生态多样性更加丰富。近20年的商业化盲目采集致使块菌植被、生境遭到严重破坏,块菌产量明显减少,严重危及块菌资源的生存。改变采集方式,保护我国的块菌资源刻不容缓。发展块菌种植业形成新型农林业经济和生态模式是最有效的保护策略。Up to now, 28 species of truffles （Tuber） have been recorded, among which there are 4 black and 24 white species. The species with important economic and ecological value are Tuber indicum com- plex and Chinese Tuber uncinatum （ = aestivum ）. T. indicum complex is very closely related to T. melanosporum, Chinese uncinatum （ = aestivum ） very closely related to European T. uncinatum unci- natum （ = aestivum）. In addition, more corresponding taxa are present in both regions. Recently, a few new white truffles have been discovered from southwestern China, which indicates the truffle resources and species diversity in China are much richer than expected. The results of molecular analysis of these new taxon shows the Chinese truffle species are not only closely related to European ones but also to the North American ones. This discovery will provide important evidence for rewriting the knowledge of truffle phylogeny and supporting the belief that China, in particular the SW China, is one of the original and de- velopmental centers of truffle. China has much richer diversity of truffle host plants than any other region in the world. The soils where the Chinese truffles adapted to are much more diversified than in EuroPe and North America. China, therefore, has rich ecological diversity. Unfortunately, their vegetation and habitat have been seriously damaged by commercial harvesting in the last 20 years. Truffle resources and production decreased sharply. It is urgent to reform harvesting methods and protect truffle habitats as soon as possible. To develop truffle plantation for establishing truffle industry is the most effective conservation strategy.

关 键 词：块菌 姊妹类群 起源分布中心 资源保护 块菌种植 

分 类 号：Q949.325[生物学—植物学]