论鱼塘建构对文化生态的支撑功能——基于对贵州黄岗侗族社区的思考  

On the Supportive Functions of Fish Ponds to Cultural Ecology:A Study Based on the Survey of the Dong Community of Huanggang in Guizhou

作　　者：杨曾辉[1] 李银艳[1] 彭书佳[1] 

机构地区：[1]吉首大学人类学与民族学研究所,湖南吉首416000

出　　处：《原生态民族文化学刊》2012年第1期24-29,共6页Journal of Ethnic Culture

基　　金：2011年国家社科基金重点项目"中国少数民族文化生态研究"(课题编号:11AZD071)

摘　　要：在侗族传统村寨的整个结构当中,鱼塘扮演着极为关键的角色。人为建构起来的鱼塘次生生态系统之所以能够获得侗族乡民的喜爱,原因是多方面的。一方面,鱼塘自身存在着诸多的生态调节功能,能够为侗族社区的正常运转提供力所能及的物质、能量和信息。另一方面,在侗族传统社会的建构过程当中,以及侗族传统文化与当地自然生态环境相互磨合的过程中,人工建构起来的鱼塘获得侗族传统文化的某些属性,成为了侗族传统文化生态的有机构成部分。通过田野调查表明,目前典岗的鱼塘总面积还占据着整个村寨聚落总面积的1/3以上,而再将当地乡民的回忆和相关的历史文献结合后发现,在早期村寨建构时,这里的水域面积占到了村寨聚落85%以上。在考虑到当地自然地理环境的特殊性,特别是地表崎岖不平这种特定的地貌背景之后,对形成这样大比例的固定水域,显然是出自人工的有意配置,而不是纯自然运行的产物。这样的人工配置目标则是要让鱼塘为村寨的整体建构发挥三大功能:一是对区域水循环的调控功能;二是起到"防火带"的安全护卫功能;三是带来丰厚的综合产出效益。Fish ponds play a key role in the whole structure of Dong traditional villages. There are various reasons for Dong people’s love of the secondary eco-system of man-made fish ponds. On one hand, fish ponds, with their ecological adjustment functions, can provide materials, energies and information for the normal operation of Dong communities. On the other hand, such ponds, in the process of Dong’s traditional social construction and the mutual integration between Dong traditional culture and the local natural environment, have obtained some qualities of Dong traditional culture and have thus become an organic component of Dong’s traditional cultural ecology. The survey shows that such ponds have occupied more than one third of the area in the whole village at present. Relevant historical documents and villagers’ accounts tell that water area even accounted for more than 85% in the whole village in earlier time. Considering the particularity of the local mountainous environment, it can be concluded that the forming of such a large fixed water area was apparently the result of intended configuration instead the result of natural movement. Such configuration is to equip the fish ponds with three functions in the overall construction of the village： control of regional water cycle, fire protection and rich comprehensive outputs.

关 键 词：文化生态 支撑功能 侗族社区 鱼塘 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]