“菩萨苦行”文献与苦行观念在印度佛教史中的演变  

Literature on the Ascetic Practice of the Bodhisattva and the Change in Ideas on Asceticism in the History of Indian Buddhism

作　　者：刘震[1] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学文史研究院,副研究员上海200433

出　　处：《历史研究》2012年第2期120-134,191-192,共15页Historical Research

基　　金：国家哲学社会科学课题;"985工程"哲学社会科学创新基地研究项目;教育部"留学回国人员科研启动基金";上海市哲学社会科学规划课题(批准号2010BZX001)的资助

摘　　要：佛经中共出现三种苦行方式:外道苦行、僧团中的苦行和佛陀成佛前的苦行即菩萨苦行。对前两者的批评态度在佛经中可以找到明确的文句,对第三种苦行似乎都持推崇的态度。但是,通过对照和分析巴利文、梵文、汉文、藏文佛经的文句发现,佛经文献的禅定术语、三个关键譬喻的位置和模式化句式,都随着时代的推移而发生了变化;而上述三个方面的演变都导向一个共同的趋势:菩萨苦行从备受推崇到为人轻视。如果以文献学的研究方法来重新检视许多历史观念,或许能产生一部新的佛教史或佛教思想史。Three kinds of asceticism are recorded in the Buddhist scriptures:unorthodox asceticism,monastic asceticism and the asceticism the Buddha practiced before his supreme enlightenment.Clear criticism of the first two can be found in the scriptures along with apparent praise of the third.However,by comparing and analyzing the texts of the Buddhist scriptures in Pali,Sanskrit,Chinese and Tibetan,the author finds that the meditation terms,the location of the three key metaphors and the stereotyped sentence structure changed with the times,changes that all converged in one common trend:the practice of Bodhisattva asceticism underwent a change from being highly praised to being despised.Therefore,using philological research techniques to re-examine many Buddhist historical concepts may perhaps bring us a new history of Buddhism or of Buddhist thought.

关 键 词：苦行 菩萨苦行 佛陀传记 佛教史 印度 

分 类 号：B948[哲学宗教—宗教学]