Differential effects of short term winter thermal stress on diapausing tiger swallowtail butterflies （Papilio spp.）  

作　　者：J. Mark Scriber Emily Maher Matthew L. Aardema 

机构地区：[1]Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI [2]McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL [3]Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, N J, USA

出　　处：《Insect Science》2012年第3期277-285,共9页昆虫科学（英文版）

基　　金：Acknowledgments This research was supported in part by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station （Project #01644）, and the National Science Foundation （DEB-0716683; DEB- 0918879）. Awards from NSF research experience for un- dergraduates （REU; DEB- 0821958） partially supported Matthew Aardema, and Emily Maher. For assistance in the field and/or laboratory we thank Becky Aslakan, Bill Houtz, Angeline Kosnik, Matt Lehnert, Jim Maudsley, Michelle Oberlin, Gabe Ording and Howard Romack. Matthew Aardema was supported in part by College of Natural Sciences undergraduate research award and a Scriber Scholars award in Butterfly Biology and Con- servation （Dept. of Entomology, MSU）.

摘　　要：It is generally thought that insects inhabiting lower latitudes are more severely impacted by changes in their thermal environment than are high latitude species. This is attributed to the wider range of temperatures to which high-latitude species are exposed. By contrast, low-latitude species have typically evolved in more thermally stable environments with a narrower range of temperature variation. However, deviation from this pattern can occur and here we report that under variable winter conditions a higher latitude species may be more sensitive to thermal variation than its lower latitude sister species. Using split broods, we examined the survival and adult emergence success of diapausing pupae of Papilio canadensis and P. glaucus, as well as a unique, recombinant hybrid population （＂late-flight＂） to short periods of mid-winter cold and heat stress. Our results indicate that the higher latitude, univoltine populations （P. canadensis and late-flights） exhibit lower pupal survival than the lower latitude, facultative diapauser （P. glaucus） for all mid-winter thermal stress treatments, both high and low. Size differences alone do not appear to account for the observed differences in survival or metabolic costs in these three pheno- types, as late-flight individuals are similar in size to R glaucus. We attribute the observed differences in survival and weight loss to potential metabolic differences and variation in the intensity of diapause, in addition to divergent adaptation to winter precipitation levels （e.g. snow cover） and the influences this may have on microhabitat temperature moderation.It is generally thought that insects inhabiting lower latitudes are more severely impacted by changes in their thermal environment than are high latitude species. This is attributed to the wider range of temperatures to which high-latitude species are exposed. By contrast, low-latitude species have typically evolved in more thermally stable environments with a narrower range of temperature variation. However, deviation from this pattern can occur and here we report that under variable winter conditions a higher latitude species may be more sensitive to thermal variation than its lower latitude sister species. Using split broods, we examined the survival and adult emergence success of diapausing pupae of Papilio canadensis and P. glaucus, as well as a unique, recombinant hybrid population （＂late-flight＂） to short periods of mid-winter cold and heat stress. Our results indicate that the higher latitude, univoltine populations （P. canadensis and late-flights） exhibit lower pupal survival than the lower latitude, facultative diapauser （P. glaucus） for all mid-winter thermal stress treatments, both high and low. Size differences alone do not appear to account for the observed differences in survival or metabolic costs in these three pheno- types, as late-flight individuals are similar in size to R glaucus. We attribute the observed differences in survival and weight loss to potential metabolic differences and variation in the intensity of diapause, in addition to divergent adaptation to winter precipitation levels （e.g. snow cover） and the influences this may have on microhabitat temperature moderation.

关 键 词：climate change developmental threshold incipient hybrid species metabolic cost PAPILIONIDAE post-diapause delays thermal stress 

分 类 号：S435.622.3[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治] Q969.438.1[农业科学—植物保护]