西汉早期出土金缕和丝缕玉衣部分玉料材质及其加工工艺特征管窥  

Comparison of the mineral materials and technological characteristics of the jade suits from the early Western Han Dynasty

作　　者：罗涵[1] 李琳娜 丘志力[1] 李银德 陈灿强 龚盛玮[4] 崔亚平 麦志强[4] 

机构地区：[1]中山大学地球科学系宝玉石研究鉴定(评估)中心,广东广州510275 [2]广州西汉南越王博物馆,广东广州510040 [3]徐州市博物馆,江苏州221009 [4]广州出入境检验检疫局,广东广州510623

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2012年第2期61-73,共13页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：广东省自然科学基金(8151027501000015);国家自然科学基金(40873021)联合资助

摘　　要：广州西汉南越王墓和徐州狮子山汉墓是我国汉代最重要和出土玉器数量最多的两个王侯级墓地,两墓出土的丝缕和金缕玉衣是当时南方和中原汉王朝最重要的墓葬玉器之一。通过上手观察、显微镜拍照并利用环境扫描电镜和漫反射红外光谱、拉曼光谱技术对广州南越王墓及徐州狮子山汉墓出土玉衣部分玉片的质材和加工工艺进行了观察测试和对比分析。结果显示,两地玉衣的玉料均主要为透闪石质,从现存玉衣颜色及玉质结构上看,徐州狮子山汉墓出土玉衣玉料来源单一且玉质明显好于南越王墓,南越王墓玉料具有多来源的特征,玉衣中的"假玉"可能来自粤西。从南越王墓玉衣片部分切割痕迹判断,南越王墓所使用的切割工具可能接近当时的最高水平,也可能存在中原交换来源的玉材,无法排除南越王墓玉衣全部或部分在当地制作的可能;南越王墓和徐州狮子山汉墓出土玉衣加工工艺特征明显不同,显示两地玉衣系由不同"玉作"体系加工完成,汉代可能存在多个不同的玉作体系,工艺水平参差不齐。The Nanyue king＇s mausoleum in Guangzhou and the Chu king＇s mausoleum at Lion Mountain of Xuzhou are the two of the most important sites, having the largest numbers of unearthed jadewares from Han dynasty burial grounds in China. The silk and gold threaded jade suits from these two mausoleums are the most important jadewares buried with the dead in the southern and central parts of China. The authors compared the mineral materials and technological characteristics of the jade suits from the two mausoleums by direct observation, microscope, envi- ronmental scanning electron microscopy （ESEM） , and infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the raw materials of most of the jade suits in both mausoleums are nephrite jade. But based on current jade colour and texture, the jade materials from the Chu king mausoleum are of much better quality than those in the Nanyue king mausoleum ; the latter appeared to have multiple origins. The so - called ＂pseudo - jade＂ from the Nanyue king mausoleum were likely from western Guangdong. The cutting traces and marks on the jadeware from the Nanyue king mausoleum suggest that the jade - carving tools of the Nanyue kingdom were nearly the best available at that time, or there was some material exchange between Nanyue area and Central plain. Furthermore, the possibility can＇t be excluded that all or parts of the jade suits from the Nanyue king mausoleum were locally carved. The authors propose that different cutting - craft systems co - existed in the Han Dynasty and that the obvious difference between the jade suits, in terms of technological features, from the two mausoleums indicates that these jade suits were possibly made by different cuttingcraft systems.

关 键 词：玉衣 玉料 加工工艺 西汉 南越王墓 楚王墓 

分 类 号：K876.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]