中国作物栽培历史的阶段划分和传统农业形成与发展  

Stage Division of Chinese Crop Cultivation History and Formation of Traditional Agriculture

作　　者：刘旭[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院,北京100081

出　　处：《中国农史》2012年第2期3-16,共14页Agricultural History of China

摘　　要：我国原始农业约开始于1万年之前,最先驯化栽培的主要有黍、粟、稻、麻、菽等粮食作物。生产工具的不断发明更新,外来作物与本土作物的大融合,政治经济中心南移,对作物栽培技术的提高及南北方的农业生产结构的改变产生了很大影响。本文根据作物栽培历史的技术特点,将之划分为:史前植物(作物)采集驯化期、传统农业萌芽期、北方旱作农业形成发展期、南方稻作农业形成发展期、多熟制农业形成发展期等五个阶段。以作物种质资源的起源、驯化、传播和利用为主线,探索我国传统农业各个阶段的发展规律及动因。本文认为:在我国作物栽培技术不断发展演进的历史长河中,形成了极为丰富的作物种质资源和农学思想,是中国最为重要的农业物质和文化遗产。这对我国乃至世界的农业发展都起到了至关重要的作用。Chinese primitive agriculture started at about ten thousand years ago, with broomcorn millet, foxtail millet, rice, bast fiber, beans as the first main domestication and cultivation crops. Innovation of produc- tion tools, integration of alien crops and native crops, combined with south shift of political and economical center had great influence on the enhancement of cultivation techniques and changes of agricultural structure in both north and south China. Based on the technical features of crop cultivation history, this paper divided the Chinese crop cultivation history into five stages： domestication and collection stage of prehistoric plant（crop）, germination stage of traditional agriculture, formatting and developing stage of north arid agriculture, formatting and developing stage of south rice cropping agriculture and formatting and developing stage of multiple crop- ping agriculture. Laws and motivations of every stage in Chinese traditional agriculture were explored in this paper on the basis of the origin, domestication, transmission and use of crop germplasm resources. This paper regards that abundant crop germplasm resources and agronomic thoughts, which were formed with the develop- ment and evolvement of Chinese cultivation techniques, are the most important agricultural material and cultural heritage. All of these have highly important function on the development of agriculture in China and other parts of the worlds.

关 键 词：作物栽培历史 阶段划分 传统农业 种质资源 农学思想 

分 类 号：S-09[农业科学] K207[历史地理—历史学]