Soil Contamination due to E-Waste Disposal and Recycling Activities: A Review with Special Focus on China  

作　　者：G. ECHEVARRIA T. STERCKEMAN M. O. SIMONNOT J. L. MOREL 

机构地区：[1]INPL(ENSAIA)/INRA, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, 2 Avenue de la For et de Haye, BP 172, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex (France) [2]Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Université de Lorraine-CNRS (UPR 3349), 1 Rue Grandville BP20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex (France)

出　　处：《Pedosphere》2012年第4期470-488,共19页土壤圈（英文版）

基　　金：Supported by the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, China and the Chinese Scholarship Council

摘　　要：Considering that even contaminated soils are a potential resource for agricultural production, it is essential to develop a set of cropping systems to allow a safe and sustainable agriculture on contaminated lands while avoiding any transfer of toxic trace elements to the food chain. In this review, three main strategies, i.e., phytoexclusion, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction, are proposed to establish cropping systems for production of edible and non-edible plants, and for extraction of elements for industrial use. For safe production of food crops, the selection of low-accumulating plants/cultivars and the application of soil amendments are of vital importance. Phytostabilization using non-food energy and fiber plants can provide additional renewable energy sources and economic benefit with minimum cost of agricultural measures. Phytoextracting trace elements （e.g., As, Cd, Ni, and Zn） using hyperaccumulator species is more suitable for slightly and moderately polluted sites, and phytomining of Ni from serpentine soils has shown a great potential to extract Ni-containing bio-ores of economic interests. We conclude that appropriate combinations of soil types, plant species/cultivars, and agronomic practices can restrict trace metal transfer to the food chain and/or extract energy and metals of industrial use and allow safe agricultural activities.This paper presents a review of soil contamination resulting from e-waste recycling activities, with a special focus on China, where many data have been collected for a decade. Soils in the e-waste areas are often contaminated by heavy metals and organic compounds, mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls (PCBs and PBBs), dechlorane plus (DP), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDDs and PBDDs), and polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PCDFs and PBDFs), while other compounds, not systematically monitored, can be found as well. Pollutants are generally present in mixtures, so pollution situations are complex and diversified with a gradient of contamination from agricultural soils to hot spots at e-waste sites and mainly in open burning areas. It has been proved that pollutants were transferred to the food chain via rice in China, and that the population was threatened since high levels of various pollutants were detected in blood, placentas, hair, etc., of residents of e-waste sites. Eventually, soil remediation techniques are reviewed. Although there are many available techniques devoted to heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, the current techniques for the e-waste sites, where these contaminants coexist, are very sparse. Phytoremediation has been investigated and co-cropping appears as a promising approach for the slightly contaminated agricultural soils. In some cases, different remediation techniques should be combined or trained, while the influence of coexisting contaminants and the removal sequence of contaminants should be considered. In hot spots, physical and chemical techniques should be used to reduce high pollution levels to prevent further pollutant dissemination. This review highlights the urgent needs for 1) characterization of pollution status in all the countries where e-wastes are recycled, 2) research on fate and toxicity of pol

关 键 词：agronomic practices food safety HYPERACCUMULATOR PHYTOREMEDIATION trace element 

分 类 号：S156.2[农业科学—土壤学] X53[农业科学—农业基础科学]