禅武僧侠:明清佛教之世俗化及僧人之侠客化  

Secularization of Buddhists and Monks Being the Chivalrous Knights in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：陈宝良[1] 

机构地区：[1]西南大学历史文化学院,重庆市400715

出　　处：《西南大学学报（社会科学版）》2012年第4期90-102,175,共13页Journal of Southwest University(Social Sciences Edition)

摘　　要：佛僧以"大丈夫"自许,侠义精神,渊源有自。佛法具有两面相:一是"菩萨低眉",有其慈祥、柔和的一面,目的在于劝化众生;二是"金刚怒目",有其刚的一面,目的在于震慑众魔。至明清两代,僧人之尚气,以及"鏖僧"的风行;僧人之尚武、从军,以及由此而形成独特的"僧兵"与少林武术;僧人成为血性男子,行侠仗义,以及侠僧的普遍出现,无不证明,以佛教世俗化为前奏,在佛僧群体中已经形成一股"崇武尚侠"之风。明清僧侠亦有两分的迹象:一方面,僧人恩怨分明,行侠仗义,这是侠之小者;另一方面,每当国家多事之时,僧人挺身而出,视"王事"为"佛事",这是侠之大者。The buddhists calll themselves ' Da Zhang Fu ',and the Chivalrous spirit has a long history.Buddha dharma is with two performance.One is ' Pu Sa Di Mei '(菩萨低眉) which has its kindly and mild side,and the purpose lies in trying to persuade beings.The other is ' Jin Gang Nv Mu '(金刚怒目),which has a hard side,and aims to deter the demons.In the Ming and Qing dynasties,monks always advocated great-heartedness,and the ' Ao Seng '(鏖僧) became popular.The monks upheld warrior and liked to join the army.Since then,the unique ' monk soldiers ' and the Shaolin Martial Art began to appear.They became bloody men,having a strong sense of justice and ready to help the weak,in addition to the appearance of the Chivalrous monks,which all proved a prelude to secularization of Buddhists.A trend of upholding martial arts prevailed.The Chivalrous monks also had two signs in the Ming and Qing dynasties : On the one hand,the monks could distinguish between grace and hatred,bahaved chivalrously and loyally,which were the little chivalrous swordsmen.On the other hand,when nations were in crisis,the monks would stand to the occasion,considering national affairs to be the Buddhist service,which were the big ones.

关 键 词：明清 禅武 僧侠 佛教 世俗化 侠客化 中国侠文化 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]