常用核基因序列在双翅目昆虫系统学中的研究进展  

Advances in systematics of Diptera based on nuclear genes

作　　者：王诗迪[1] 赵喆[1] 张春田[1] 

机构地区：[1]沈阳师范大学生物进化和生物多样性辽宁省重点实验室,沈阳110034

出　　处：《环境昆虫学报》2012年第2期220-228,共9页Journal of Environmental Entomology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(30870331;31093430)

摘　　要：双翅目昆虫分为长角亚目和短角亚目,前者主要类群包括蚊、蠓、蛉和蚋,后者主要类群为虻类和蝇类。国内外学者对双翅目昆虫形态分类和分子系统发育关系研究均较多。本文整理总结了几种主要核基因在双翅目昆虫进化和系统发育关系的研究资料,结果显示:双翅目的单系性得到了众多形态学、生物学和分子数据的支持,多数系统发育研究认为传统的长角亚目为并系,短角亚目是一个单系,其主要类群舞虻下目、环裂类、有缝组和有瓣蝇类均为单系,但非环裂类、无缝组为并系,无瓣类可能为并系;基本搞清了有重要医学意义和与环境关系密切的类群,特别是有瓣蝇类各科类群分类系统的进化关系;双翅目昆虫发生辐射进化的三个分支节点时间即:低等双翅目(蚊类)2.2亿年、低等短角亚目(虻类)1.8亿年、有缝组(蝇类)6500万年;大量双翅目昆虫自然生命史历经吸血性、植食性和寄生性,有2.6亿年以上的演化历程。从相关核基因研究中总结出:18SrRNA、28SrRNA和CAD基因能很好的解决高级阶元从目到属的系统发育问题;EF-1ɑ基因和White基因更适合从科到属水平的分类阶元;ITS基因一般应用在从属到种水平的低级分类阶元,并被广泛应用到双翅目昆虫分子系统学研究中。The Diptera are currently divided into Nematocera and Brachycera. Nematocera is usually in- clude mosquitos, biting midges, sandflies and blackflies, Whereas Brachycera is commonly known as gnats and house flies. So far, the morphological taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Diptera had been well researched. This paper summarized the results of several nuclear genes that focus on the Diptera evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships, and the results showed that the monophyly of Diptera has been supported by numerous morphological, biological characters and molecular data, most studies suggested that the traditional Nematocera is paraphyletic, and Brachycera is clearly monophyletic, the Er- emoneura, Cyclorrhapha and Schizophora are monophyletic respectively. Hower the Orthorrhapah, Aschi- za are paraphyletic respectively, and Acalyptrata is probably also. It is clearly the evolutionary relation- ship of the classification system of Calyptratae which include the large number of important medical and environmental effect flies. Diptera experienced three episodes of rapid radiation - lower Diptera （220 Ma）, lower Brachycera （180 Ma）, and Schizophora （65 Ma） -and a number of life history tran- sitions from hematophagy, to phytophagy, and then to parasitism, and the whole history of evolution over 260 million years. We review the application of the nuclear genes and the phylogenetic relationships of Diptera based on molecular and morphology characteristics, and concluded that ： 18~ rltl＇~A, Z^S~ rttm~ and CAD genes can accurately infer the Diptera phylogenetic relationships of higher lew^ls between orders and genus, EF-1 ct and White genes are more suitable for the levels between family and genus, and ITS gene has a good application for lower levels between genera and species, and those genes have been ex- tensively used in molecular systematics research of Diptera.

关 键 词：核基因 双翅目 分子标记 分子系统学 演化 

分 类 号：Q969.453.5[生物学—昆虫学]