对黄河下游河道冲淤问题的认识  

Understandings of Erosion and Deposition in the Lower Yellow River

作　　者：王恺忱[1] 

机构地区：[1]黄河水利科学研究院,河南郑州450003

出　　处：《人民黄河》2012年第7期20-24,共5页Yellow River

摘　　要：概述了黄河下游河道冲淤情况,从输沙平衡临界流量、平衡趋向性、冲河南淤山东还是淤河南冲山东等问题入手,提出了对黄河下游河道冲淤的几点认识:①黄河下游的冲淤受水沙条件、河床边界、河口基准面三大要素制约,三者缺一不可,分析研究下游河道的冲淤时不与河口尾闾的影响相联系是不全面的;②输沙率法、同流量水位法和断面法均有局限性和各自的优越性,应取长补短,以达到真实反映下游河道冲淤规律的目的;③黄河艾山以下河段的冲淤与河口基准面的状况相对应,输沙能力不足不是黄河下游淤积的主因,将临界流量作为判断艾利河段冲淤的条件是不当的和缺乏依据的;④冲河南淤山东还是淤河南冲山东的问题,在短时段的冲淤情况十分复杂和不稳定,从长时段宏观上看,上下河段的冲淤始终是趋向于河流自身的相对平衡,二者的冲淤过程大体是同步的,不存在哪个河段多冲多淤的问题;⑤现阶段黄河下游的淤积主因是来沙量巨大,其淤升幅度受制于河口基准面,属于溯源淤积的性质,解决黄河下游淤积的关键是"抓两头",即首先减少上游流域进入下游的沙量,特别是粗沙量,其次是减缓河口淤积延伸的速率;⑥拖淤、挖沙、放淤、调水调沙和借清刷浑等措施均具有局限性,在解决局部淤积问题和兴利方面有实用价值,但欲凭借这些措施解决黄河下游河道长时段宏观的淤积问题,则难见实效。The paper summarized the erosion and deposition in the lower Yellow River and showed the author＇s in-depth research on critical flow rate for sediment transport equilibrium,tendency toward channel regime,and hot issues about deposition（or erosion） in the Henan reach followed by the erosion（or deposition） in the Shandong reach.These research efforts lead to the understandings of the erosion and deposition in the lower Yellow River： a） The erosion and deposition is subject to three indispensable significant major factors,which are sediment discharge conditions,river bed boundary and river mouth baselevel,so it is imperfect to research in the erosion and deposition in the lower reaches without considering the river mouth effects.b） The three approaches,which are based on sediment transport rates,flow levels for a given flow rate and section,respectively,to calculate the erosion and deposition values,have their own strong and weak points each and so they have to be applied in a combing way.c） The erosion and deposition below the cross section of Aishan is closely linked with the changes in the river mouth datum.Smaller sediment transport capacity is not the main factor for deposition in the lower Yellow River.It is incorrect and not soundly evidenced to take the critical flow rate as the basis to judge the Aishan-Lijin reach is in equilibrium or not.d） The hot issues about upstream erosion（or deposition） followed by downstream deposition（or erosion） appear complicated but they are easy to understand,and they need no worries in that deposition and erosion in the upstream and downstream reaches tend to work together to make channel approach the river regime,therefore making both upstream and downstream reaches change by a nearly equal margin in a long term despite complicated and unstable patterns of the deposition and erosion processes in short terms.e） In recent years the deposition in the lower Yellow River is mainly because of larger incoming sediment load but the deposition value is c

关 键 词：临界流量 边界条件 水沙条件 侵蚀基准面 黄河口 黄河下游 

分 类 号：P333[天文地球—水文科学] TV882.1[水利工程—水文学及水资源]