密度对玉米产量(>15000kg·hm^(-2))及其产量构成因子的影响  

Effects of Density on Maize Yield and Yield Components

作　　者：王楷[1,2] 王克如[1,2] 王永宏[3] 赵健[3] 赵如浪[3] 王喜梅[1,2] 李健[1,2] 梁明晰[1,2] 李少昆[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]石河子大学农学院/绿洲生态农业重点实验室,新疆石河子832003 [2]中国农业科学院作物研究所/农业部作物生理生态重点实验室,北京100081 [3]宁夏农林科学院作物所,银川750002

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2012年第16期3437-3445,共9页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划(2011BAD16B14);国家自然科学基金项目(31071371)

摘　　要：【目的】研究密度对高产玉米(>15 000 kg·hm-2)产量及其构成因子的影响,揭示高产玉米产量形成机制,为玉米持续稳定高产提供依据。【方法】连续两年在新疆和宁夏高产玉米区,以郑单958为试材,以1.5万株/hm2为一个密度梯度,设置从1.5万株/hm2至18万株/hm2不同密度处理,充分满足水肥需求,进行高产栽培实践,在实现高产基础之上分析其产量及产量构成因子特征。【结果】两年多点共68个处理,最低和最高单产分别为7 675.5和20 503.5 kg·hm-2,其中有47个处理达到15 000 kg·hm-2以上的产量;对产量构成特征的分析表明,要达到15 000 kg·hm-2以上的高产,最低、最高密度分别为5.25万株/hm2和16.28万株/hm2;最低、最高收获穗数分别为6.66万穗/hm2和13.84万穗/hm2;最低、最高穗粒数分别为365和657粒;最低、最高千粒重分别为237和404 g。【结论】密度与单产呈抛物线关系,以10.5万株/hm2密度处理单产最高;随着产量的提高,种植密度、单位面积穗数、穗粒数和千粒重表现出最适值范围变窄的趋势。随种植密度增加,单位面积穗数呈增加趋势,穗粒数和千粒重呈下降趋势,而单位面积粒数呈增加并趋于不变趋势。[Objective] Field experiments were conducted to study the influence of density on maize yield （〉 15 000 kg·hm^-2） and yield components in order to exploring the formation mechanism of high-yield so as to provide a basis for stable high-yield maize. [Method] The experiments were carried out in high-yield maize areas of Xinjiang and Ningxia regions. Zhengdan 958 （ZD958） was planted at different densities from 15 000 plants/hm^2 to 180 000 plants/hm^2 by making 15 000 plants/hm^2 as a density gradient with fully satisfy fertilizer and water demand. High-yield cultivation was practiced, and then the yield and yield component, characteristics were analyzed based on the high-yield （〉 15 000 kg·hm^-2） . [Result] The 68 different density level plots were all at mutil-sites across two years, the highest and lowest yields were between 7 675.5 kg·hm^-2 and 20 503.5 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Yields of the 47 plots achieved the high yield of above 15 000 kg·hm^-2. Plots with at the highest and lowest densities （52 500 plants/hm^2 and 162 800 plants.hm^2） achieved the high yield of 15 000 plants/hm^2. The highest and lowest number of ears was 66 600 ears/hm^2 and 138 400 ears/hm^2, respectively. The highest and lowest grains per ear were 365 and 657, respectively. The highest and lowest1 000-seed-weight was 273 g and 404 g, respectively. [Conclusion] The parabolic relationship between density and yield was found,and the highest yield appeared at the density of 105 000 plants/hm^2. With the increase of production, the optimal range of planting density, ear number, grains per ear and 1000-seed-weight were narrowed. With the increase of planting density, grains per ear and 1000-seed-weight declined; ears number and grains/hm^2 increased, but grains/hm^2 increased slightly when density reached a certain level.

关 键 词：玉米 密度 穗数 穗粒数 产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]