中国古代灌溉工程的营造法式  

Constructive Models of Irrigation Projects in Ancient China

作　　者：王双怀[1] 

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院,陕西西安710062

出　　处：《陕西师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2012年第4期41-47,共7页Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：教育部基地重大项目(06JJD770019);陕西师范大学211项目"中国古代文明"(2009)

摘　　要：中国古代灌溉工程数量众多,规模不等,但都是按照一定的营造法式修建的。引水灌溉工程包括有库引水工程和无库引水工程两种。这两种类型的工程均由堤坝、渠道和分水设施组成。堤坝是引水设施,按功能有分水坝、滚水坝和拦河坝之分,按形制则有土坝、石坝和土石坝三种。渠道属输水设施,有总渠、干渠、支渠、毛渠等。至于分水设施则有鱼嘴和斗门等等。堤坝的规划和修筑,渠道的布线和挖掘,分水设施的配备和营造,以及整个灌溉工程的保护和维修,基本上都是本着有利于自流灌溉的原则,采取因地制宜的措施,按照一定的法式进行的。有些营造法式相当先进,呈现出较高的技术含量。Irrigation projects in ancient China were numerous and different in size but were all built by certain constructive forms.As a rule,irrigation projects fall into two types,reservoir diversion projects and non-reservoir diversion projects,which both consist of dams,ditches and water-diversion facilities.As water-diversion facilities,dams classify into diversion dams,rolling dams and retaining dams by function but into earth dams,stone dams and earth-stone dams by constructive material.As water supplying facilities,ditches consist of belt sewers,trunks,laterals and sublaterals with fish-mouths and sluice gates as diversion facilities.It was by following the principle of favorable gravity irrigation and local-conditions-based measures under certain models that the dams were paid out and built,ditches lined and constructed,diversion facilities mated and made and the whole project preserved and serviced.In fact,some constructive models were remarkably advanced and highly technology-intensive.

关 键 词：中国古代灌溉工程 农田灌溉 营造法式 

分 类 号：K878.4[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]