政教关系的全球考察  

Global Investigation on the State-Religion Relation

作　　者：王秀哲[1] 

机构地区：[1]山东工商学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2012年第4期9-25,共17页Global Law Review

基　　金：2009年山东省社科规划项目"宗教信仰自由权的宪法保护比较研究--基于宪法文本的考察"(09DFXZ01);2012年教育部人文社科规划项目"昆嵛山地区全真道教文化遗存调查与研究"(12YJA730006)的阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：成文宪法中的政教关系是一国对历史形成的宗教与政权关系的根本法承认。由于当今世界大多数国家政权与教权的实际分立,通过宪法规范政教关系具有必然性和必要性。宪法规定政教关系体现了宪法保护宗教信仰自由权的制度设计。通过对168个国家成文宪法中的形式政教关系和在具体的政治、教育、社会等制度中体现的实质政教关系的考察,在形式上规定设立国教、政教分离和没规定政教关系三种模式下,共有十种不同的实质政教关系类型。进一步归类统计发现,除了少数完全没规定政教关系的国家外,各国的政教关系主要有政教分离和宗教主导、国家主导三大类型。其中规定政教分离的国家数量最多,占到统计数量的2/3,体现了成文宪法规定政教关系的一般趋势。宗教主导多体现在意识形态方面,而国家主导限于维护主权和公共利益的需要所对宗教进行的外部管理或扶持。基于传统的影响,教权渗入政权的少数国家还将在一定时期内延续其宗教主导的政教关系;而在国家权力不断扩张的背景下,政权不干涉教权则是多数规定政教分离的国家的具体政教关系内容。Items concerning churchstate relations in written constitutions are fundamental recognition of the relationship between religions and political power at legal level. In today＇ s world, as a result of the separation of political power and religious power, it is inevitable and nec essary to regulate the relationship between political power and religions through constitutions. By regulating churchstate relations in constitutions, it shows that constitutions serve to protect citi zens＇freedom of belief. By studying how the constitutions of 168 countries regulate churchstate relations, and how these regulations are reinforced in political, educational and social systems, the author has found that under the 3 basic modes, namely, by establishing a state religion, by separating state and church, and nonestablishing of churchstate relations, there are in total ten different types of statechurch relations in essence. With further categorizatior~ and statistics, the author has come to the conclusion that apart from very few countries that didn＇ t have any regula tion on churchstate relations, the churchstate relations fall into three major categories, which are separation of states and churches, religiondominant countries and statedominant countries. The number of countries that go for separation of states and churches take the biggest part, which is 2/3. This is also the general trend of churchstate relations in written constitutions. Religiondom inant cases mainly focus on the layer of ideology. Statedominant cases are limited to management or support of religions for protection of sovereignty and public interests. Due to the influence of traditions, in the foreseeable future, the few countries where religious power has penetrated into the political power will continue the religiousdominant churchstate relations. On the other hand, in the context of the everexpansion of power of states, the separation of political power and reli gious power is the choice of most countries that go for the separation of churchstate p

关 键 词：成文宪法 政教关系 政教分离 宗教主导 国家主导 

分 类 号：B91[哲学宗教—宗教学] D911[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]