“神经历史学”是否可能?  

Is "Neuro-history" Plausible?

作　　者：孙仲[1] 张文喜[2] 

机构地区：[1]浙江大学人文学院,浙江杭州310028 [2]中国人民大学哲学院,北京100872

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2012年第4期29-36,共8页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金

摘　　要：人文学科历来有从自然科学的新发展中汲取灵感以拓展思路的习惯。但这一次,来势凶猛的神经科学对人文学科的冲击可能会彻底动摇我们认识人类的本性和历史的概念框架。然而,即便主张史学现实主义,也不必接受这样的"神经历史学"。因为人类历史的主体只能是人和国家,而不可能是大脑或神经系统。我们生活在整体人的层面,任何以单独的身体器官代替整个人的做法都会使命题失去意义。让大脑接管心灵或人所执行的机能,看似坚持了彻底的唯物主义,但会使大脑成为某种心灵化的存在。实际上,人所独有的行为并不是因果决定论式的,而是目的论式的。即便人类能感受到各种内外压力,也不是像物那样被彻底决定的,而是会统筹考虑和谋划自己的未来。在这个意义上,自由是存在的,而且不是随着历史的发展日益减少,反而会日益增多,并且因此给予了人类历史行动以意义。New developments in natural sciences have always been both opportunities for learning and challenges to humanity and social sciences.The fast development of neurology has produced much spillover that permeates studies on humans,creating many new disciplines with the ″neuro-″ prefix.Do we expect that a ″neuro-history″ will appear in the near future and occupy a predominant place in historiography？ History is about the story of humans.Its subject is human being,and its content concerns human thinking,feeling and action.Neuro-disciplines of humanity,however,tend to think that all of the thinking and feeling in daily life are wrong or simply ″illusions,″ for they depend on superficial ″folk psychology.″ Important things happened only at the neurological level,so there is no mental substance or subject.The subject in history is the brain,or the cerebral subject.The genetic structure of the brain has decided how humans think,feel and act.Therefore,freedom is also an illusion.If such a neuro-history finally prevails,it will bring about fundamental changes on the self-understanding of humans and their history.Generally speaking,this should be regarded as a threat of naturalism to humanity.The response from humanities,however,does not have to be flight into mysterious realms.Realists agree that human history lies in solid nature.However,even as realists,we do not think neuro-history is an adequate research programme.The subjects of history can only be humans and nations,rather than brains or neuro-systems.Life goes on at a holistical level.To try to use any part of the human body to replace the whole man will make statements in historiography senseless.Moreover,one reason for our rejection of replacing mind with brain as the agent of history is that brain is a physical thing and so cannot live in a narrative or teleological way.It falls within the realm of cause and effect.Thus,if brain takes over the role of the mind and becomes cerebral subject,it will not lead to realism,but will re-enchant nature.Thi

关 键 词：神经科学 历史学 自由 主体 

分 类 号：K0-05[历史地理—历史学]