近50a华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米耗水规律研究  

Water Consumption for Winter Wheat and Summer Maize in the North China Plain in Recent 50 Years

作　　者：陈博[1,2] 欧阳竹[1] 程维新[1] 刘丽平[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室禹城综合试验站,北京100101 [2]中国科学院研究生院,北京100049

出　　处：《自然资源学报》2012年第7期1186-1199,共14页Journal of Natural Resources

基　　金：中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目(KSCX2-EW-B-1)

摘　　要：为明确华北平原主导作物冬小麦-夏玉米耗水量的变化趋势,为水资源配置提供科学依据,论文搜集文献资料,结合中国科学院禹城综合试验站长期观测数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验法分析了华北平原近50 a冬小麦和夏玉米的耗水量变化趋势,阐明其耗水特性和作物水分利用效率变化,最后通过对蒸发能力和气象要素的变化趋势分析明确了冬小麦-夏玉米耗水量变化的主导原因。研究表明:①近50 a华北平原主导作物冬小麦-夏玉米耗水量呈下降趋势,冬小麦耗水量从501.2 mm降低到456.3 mm,夏玉米耗水量大体变化在300～400 mm,平均为350 mm左右;②冬小麦和夏玉米水分利用效率大幅度提高,冬小麦水分利用效率由3.31 kg/(hm2.mm)增至15.91 kg/(hm2.mm);夏玉米水分利用效率从3.72 kg/(hm2.mm)提高到23.36 kg/(hm2.mm);③拔节—乳熟期是冬小麦耗水强度和耗水量最大的一个时期,华北平原需要通过多次灌溉满足作物水分供需平衡,拔节—灌浆期是夏玉米耗水强度和耗水模系数都比较高的时期,适逢华北地区雨热同期,一般不需要进行补充灌溉;④大气相对湿度增加和日照时数减少是蒸发能力减弱的主因,进而导致作物耗水量呈现下降趋势。To support water resource allocation and planning scientifically, this study analyzed the historical trend of water consumption for winter wheat and summer maize in recent 50 years with Mann-Kendall trend test method. Characteristics of evapotranspiration and water use efficiency （WUE） were presented. Furthermore, the reasons accounting for historical trend of water consump- tion were proposed by analyzing the trend of water surface evaporation and meteorological factors. Data used in this study came from literatures and long time experimental observations at Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Results suggested： 1 ） The water consumption of winter wheat and summer maize in the North China Plain showed a down- trend in recent 50 years. The water consumption for winter wheat had decreased from 501.2 mm to 456. 3 mm, and that of summer maize fluctuated between 300. 0 mm and 400.0 mm. 2） WUE for winter wheat and summer maize had been promoted to a large extent. WUE had increased from 3.31 kg/（hm2 ~ ram） to 15.91 kg/（hm2 ~ mm） for winter wheat and from 3.72 kg/（hm2 ~ mm） to 23.36 kg/（hm2 ~ mm） for summer maize. 3 ） Stages from jointing to milking had high evapo- transpiration rate for winter wheat, and several irrigations were needed to meet water demand. Similarly, summer maize in stages from jointing to grain no additional irrigations were needed due to rainy season. filling consumed more water. However, 4） Increase of relative humidity and de- crease of sunshine times primarily weakened evaporability, and thus water consumption for winter wheat and summer maize showed a downtrend.

关 键 词：作物耗水量 冬小麦 夏玉米 华北平原 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学] S513