明朝百年的社会进步与社会问题  

On the Social Progress and Social Issues in 100 Years of Ming Dynasty

作　　者：方志远 

机构地区：[1]中国明史学会 [2]江西师范大学"传统社会与江西现代化研究中心" [3]江西师范大学历史系

出　　处：《吉林大学社会科学学报》2012年第5期5-9,159,共5页Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(10BZS020)

摘　　要：明朝是发育比较完整的朝代,有一个主要通过社会内部的变化从凋敝走向繁荣但最终不得不衰亡的过程。明朝建立之后,经过太祖的"重典"治理,经历了成祖的"靖难",又经过短暂的"仁宣之治",国家进入正常的发展轨道。到明朝建国100年前后,逐渐进入到多元化社会。但是,随着多元化社会的继续演进,问题也随之产生。社会的多元化侵蚀着传统道德的底线,腐败痼疾开始持续侵蚀着明代官场并愈演愈烈。社会的多元化推动着社会思潮的多元化,国家的舆论引导机制难以建立,政府的影响力日渐消退。经济的多元化发展冲击了单一的农业经济,而政府的政策既阻碍了民间外贸的发展、隔绝了官方与海外的联系,也没有能够及时地由几乎单一的农业税转化为真正意义上的多种税收并举,从而切断可能得到的财源,国家财政陷入困境。决策者的地域构成和民族构成,使得明朝难以制定出保护、发展海外贸易、边境贸易乃至境内工商业发展的国家财政政策,也无法制定出对经济欠发达地区、对非农业地区、对边疆地区海疆地区、对少数民族地区的保护政策。这样,当经济文化发达地区为争得更多的政治、经济份额欢欣鼓舞时,经济文化欠发达地区却在悄然改变国家的最终命运。东北的女真—满族政权、西北的农民起义,夹击着明朝早已缺乏应对大规模战争能力的军事力量,明朝的灭亡也就不可避免。Ming Dynasty was a society that relatively developed thoroughly,which had a process of inner change within the society,from the destitution at the beginning to prosperity and then to dying in the end.At the beginning of the dynasty,the first three emperors made a great effort in ruling and made the country reach normal development.Around 100 years of Ming Dynasty,the society was diversified,and as the diversity was getting worse the social problems were getting worse,traditional ethics was violated and the corruption in officials were getting worse,the way of thinking was diversified which made the government's influences getting weaker and weaker,and the state finance got in very difficult situation.Therefore,when the under-developed areas and the Man and Nü Zhen minorities were rising to struggle,the country was out of control,it reached his perish destiny.

关 键 词：明朝 社会进步 社会问题 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]