机构地区:[1]沈阳航空工业学院清洁能源与环境工程研究所 [2]包豪斯魏玛大学国际环境技术转让中心
出 处:《城市垃圾处理技术》2006年第3期13-20,共8页Technology of Municipal Solid Waste Treatment
基 金:承谢 此工作由德国CIM/GTZ(法兰克福)、德国魏玛包豪斯大学、辽宁省科技厅和沈阳市城市建设管理局联合资助.
摘 要:2005年,中国666个城市(占中国人口总量30%的人口)生活垃圾(MSW)清运量为1.55亿吨(见图1)。由于城市化进程的发展(预计到2010年城市人口将达到35—05%,到2050年将达到70%)、消费行为的转变以及工业化程度的提高,垃圾数量也在快速增长。据估计,到2050年,中国每年城市生活垃圾量将达到4.8亿吨。目前,仅有53%的垃圾得到了处理,其中80%采用简易填埋处理。这种处理方式对环境造成了严重影响(温室效应、地下水、地表水污染等),危胁着人类的卫生环境。中国政府已认识到这些问题,并且在“十一·五规划(2006-2010年)”中把降低因垃圾处理造成的污染定为重要目标。此外,中国还将资源节约政策、可再生能源政策和环境保护政策定为国策加以实行。目前,中国政府已制定了一系列垃圾管理目标,并决心实现这些目标,包括:加强生活垃圾处理设施建设;一到2010年,生活垃圾处理率至少要达到60%(2005年为53.5%);一加强城市垃圾收费制度的力度;一加强危险垃圾和医疗垃圾处理设施的建设;一要将工业垃圾利用率从2005年的55.8%提高到2010年的60%。中国城市生活垃圾的有机成分高达80%,至少是西方国家有机成分的2倍,因此,中国要考虑实施生物垃圾管理(BMWM)政策,借鉴欧洲国家的垃圾管理方式来处理垃圾。根据1999年颁布的《欧洲填埋法令》,欧洲已经逐步取消了对生物垃圾的填埋。有效地处理生物垃圾是中国最现实、最持久的保护生态资源和实施垃圾管理政策的方法。About 155 miUion tonnes of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) from 666 cities in China, derived from approximately 30 % of the Chinese population, were collected in 2005 ( Figure 1 ). Due to an ongoing urbanisation process (expected urban population 35 - 45% in 2010 and 70% in 2050), changing consumer behaviour and the progress in industrialisation, the municipal waste quantities continue to grow rapidly. It is estimated that urban waste will amount to up to 480 million tonnes in 2050. Under the current disposal practice about half of the waste is ' treated', or controllably disposed, more than 80 % of which are landfilled on mostly lowly developed dumping sites. This leads to farreaching environmental pollution (green house gas emissions, groundwater and surface water pollution) and hygienic risks. China is aware of these problems and therefore consideration is made in the 1 1th Five -Year - Plan (2006 - 2010) to reduce pollution from waste disposal (NDRC China, 2006). In this respect 'resource conservation', 'renewable energy' and 'environmental protection' are state policies. The government has set compulsory targets in regard to waste management, such as to ~ Boost construction of MSW treatment facilities ~ Increase the MSW treatment rate from 53.5% in 2005 to at least 60% till 2010 ~ Increase the collection of municipal waste fees ~ Enhance the construction of hazardous and hospital waste treatment facilities ~ Increase the utilisation of industrial waste from 55.8% in 2005 to 60% in 2010. Chinese municipal waste contains up to 80% bioorganic matter, more than twice as much as in western countries, therefore Bioorganic Municipal Waste Management (BMWM) has to be considered by following the approach of the European countries, where landfilling of bioorganic wastes is going to be gradually banned based on the EU Landfill Directive of 1999. It would be most relevant for China to deal with BMWM to apply a more sustainable and ecologically sound resource and waste manage
关 键 词:生物垃圾 中国政府 经济发展 生活垃圾处理 环境保护政策 城市生活垃圾 可再生能源政策 地表水污染
分 类 号:X7[环境科学与工程—环境工程]
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