有机无机肥料配合施用对日光温室土壤氨挥发的影响  

Effects of Combined Application of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertilizers on Ammonia Volatilization from Greenhouse Vegetable Soil

作　　者：郝小雨[1,2] 高伟[3] 王玉军[1] 金继运[1] 黄绍文[1] 唐继伟[1] 张志强[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081 [2]黑龙江省农业科学院土壤肥料与环境资源研究所,哈尔滨150086 [3]天津市农业资源与环境研究所,天津300192

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2012年第21期4403-4414,共12页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-25-C-11);IPNI项目

摘　　要：【目的】在大幅减施肥料和合理灌溉的基础上,研究有机无机肥料配合施用对设施菜田土壤氨挥发的影响。【方法】利用芹菜-番茄轮作田间试验,采用通气法监测土壤氨挥发速率特征动态变化。【结果】施基肥后2—3 d出现土壤氨挥发峰值,8—10 d接近对照水平;追肥第1天出现氨挥发峰值,10—11 d接近对照水平。土壤氨挥发损失的主要时期在基肥和前两次追肥阶段,氨挥发量占当季损失量的70%—80%。土壤氨挥发主要发生在温度较高的春茬(番茄茬),春茬(番茄茬)各处理土壤氨挥发总量是冬茬(芹菜茬)的3.0倍。芹菜茬和番茄茬大幅减施肥料的有机无机肥配合施用模式土壤氨挥发损失量较习惯施肥处理的分别降低50.0%和47.9%,且随着有机氮比例的增加土壤氨挥发率逐渐降低。等氮量投入时,冬茬和春茬(2/4)化肥氮+(2/4)秸秆氮处理土壤氨挥发损失量较(2/4)化肥氮+(2/4)猪粪氮处理的分别降低32.4%和30.0%。本试验条件下基于产量、经济和环境效益的适宜有机无机肥料配合施用模式是(3/4)化肥氮+(1/4)猪粪氮模式处理。【结论】有机无机肥料配合施用可显著降低土壤氨挥发损失量,是经济效益显著、可操作性强和环境友好的施肥模式,在设施蔬菜种植中值得推广应用。【Objective】Excessive use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers suffer from nitrogen loss through ammonia （NH3） volatilization, resulting in decreasing effectiveness of the fertilizers and increasing the risk of environmental pollution. Less information is available on the effect of different fertilization patterns on NH3 volatilization from greenhouse vegetable soils. Based on balanced fertilization and optimized irrigation, this study was conducted to determine the effect of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers on NH3 volatilization. 【Method】A field experiment was designed to study the dynamics of NH3 volatilization by the venting method under celery-tomato rotation system in Tianjin from September 2010 to June 2011. The field experiment consisted of six treatments of 1 （No N）, 2 （4/4 CN＋0/4 PN, all nitrogen in chemical fertilizer, PN denotes nitrogen in pig manure）, 3 （3/4 CN＋1/4 PN）, 4 （2/4 CN＋2/4 PN）, 5 （2/4 CN＋2/4 SN, SN denotes nitrogen in straw）, and 6 （CF, conventional fertilization）. Equal NPK was designed for treatments 2, 3, 4, and 5. Rates of P2O5 and K2O application were respectively equal for each of treatments 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. 【Result】 The peak of NH3 volatilization rate occurred within 2-3 days after basal fertilization, whereas in first day after fertilizer top-dressing （fertilization and irrigation were carried out simultaneously） during the celery and tomato growth period. The NH3 volatilization rate from the nitrogen application treatment closed to the rate from the no nitrogen application treatment until first 8-10 days after basal fertilization and first 10-11 days after fertilizer top-dressing, respectively. 70%-80% of total NH3 volatilization during celery or tomato growth period were from over the first 10 days after basal fertilization to the first 11 days after the second fertilizer top-dressing. Distinct total NH3 volatilization during tomato growth period with higher temperature was found, with the total amount

关 键 词：有机无机肥料 配合施用 日光温室 氨挥发 

分 类 号：S158[农业科学—土壤学]