施氮模式对夏玉米产量和籽粒灌浆的影响  

Effect of nitrogen application patterns on yield and grain-filling of summer maize

作　　者：王云奇[1] 陶洪斌[1] 王璞[1] 郭步庆[1] 鲁来清[2] 张丽[1] 尤桂芸[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院,北京100193 [2]中国农业大学吴桥试验站,吴桥061800

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报》2012年第12期1594-1598,共5页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2009CB118602);中德合作项目(DGF gk1070)资助

摘　　要：为进一步明确夏玉米在基肥和拔节期施肥的基础上增施吐丝肥的增产机理,于2011年在中国农业大学吴桥试验站布置了田间试验。共设置4种施氮模式：即模式Ⅰ,施氮量90 kg·hm-2（播前90 kg·hm-2）;模式Ⅱ,施氮量190 kg·hm-2（播前150 kg·hm-2＋拔节40 kg·hm-2）;模式Ⅲ,施氮量250 kg·hm-2（播前90 kg·hm-2＋拔节160kg·hm-2）;模式Ⅳ,施氮量300 kg·hm-2（播前50 kg·hm-2＋拔节150 kg·hm-2＋吐丝100 kg·hm-2）。本研究对比分析了不同施氮模式对夏玉米产量和籽粒灌浆的影响。结果表明,在施基肥和拔节肥的基础上,再追施吐丝肥,与不施吐丝肥的模式相比,其吐丝后11~20 d、21~30 d、31~40 d内,每天增加的枯叶数分别减少0.01~0.02片、0.01~0.05片、0.02~0.04片;吐丝后穗位叶SPAD值的峰值有所提高,灌浆中后期SPAD值下降延缓;模式Ⅳ与模式Ⅲ相比灌浆速率峰值提高8.5%,籽粒体积得到显著提高。夏玉米吐丝后籽粒的吸氮量显著提高（模式Ⅳ籽粒吸氮峰值分别是模式Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的1.65倍、1.45倍、1.31倍）,氮收获指数增加2.5~13.3个百分点,穗粒数增加。与穗粒数相比,吐丝期增施氮肥（模式Ⅳ）对千粒重的促进更显著,可改善夏玉米产量因子和部分穗部性状,与模式Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ相比,分别增产200 kg·hm-2、300 kg·hm-2、400 kg·hm-2。夏玉米增施吐丝肥可以延缓吐丝后光合面积下降,从而为籽粒灌浆提供较多的源,最终提高粒重和产量。A field experiment was conducted in Wuqiao Experimental Station of China Agricultural University in 2011.Four nitro-gen（N） application patterns were compared： N application rate of 90 kg.hm-2 before sowing（NAT I）;N application rate of 190 kg.hm-2 with 150 kg.hm-2 before sowing and 40 kg.hm-2 at jointing（NAT II）;N application rate of 250 kg.hm-2 with 90 kg.hm-2 before sowing and 160 kg.hm-2 at jointing（NAT III）;and N application rate of 300 kg.hm-2 with 50 kg.hm-2 before sowing,150 kg.hm-2 at jointing and 100 kg.hm-2 at silking（NAT IV）.The objective of the study was to throw in-depth light on how the mecha-nisms of N application at silking stage in addition to basal and jointing N fertilization increase summer maize yield.Yield and grain-filling rates of summer maize were also analyzed.The results showed that N application at silking stage in addition to basal and jointing N fertilization（NAT IV） reduced the number of dead leaves.Leaf senesces rates were 0.01~0.02 leaf.d-1,0.01~0.05 leaf.d-1,0.02~0.04 leaf.d-1,respectively,less than those of N treatments without silking N fertilization at 11~20 d,21~30 d,31~40 d after silking.Ear leaf SPAD peak value was somewhat higher in NAT IV than that of other treatments,and the reduction of SPAD at mid-dle and later filling stage was delayed.Furthermore,peak of NAT IV filling rate improved by 8.5% over that of NAT Ⅲ and with simultaneous increase in grain volume.Maize grain N uptake after silking significantly improved in NAT IV（grain nitrogen absorp-tion peak in NAT IV was 1.65,1.45 and 1.31 times than those of NAT Ⅰ,NATⅡ and NAT Ⅲ,respectively）.N harvest index was 2.5%~13.3% greater in NAT IV than in the other treatments.Compared to kernel per ear,grain weight was more affected by N appli-cation at silking stage.Both ear traits and yield formation were improved under NAT IV,and yield increased by 200 kg.hm-2,300 kg.hm-2 and 400 kg.hm-2,respectively compared with NAT I,II,III.It was concluded that silking fertilization in summer maize d

关 键 词：夏玉米 氮肥 吐丝肥 SPAD值 氮收获指数 灌浆速率 粒重 产量 

分 类 号：S274.1[农业科学—农业水土工程]