黄土高原区草粮(油)翻耕轮作的土壤水分及作物产量效应  

Effects of alfalfa-grain(oil) crop plowing rotation on soil moisture and crop yield in Loess Plateau

作　　者：韩丽娜[1,2] 丁静[1,2] 韩清芳[1,2] 丁瑞霞[1,2] 聂俊峰[1,2] 贾志宽[1,2] 李文静[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院/农业部西北黄土高原作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学农学院,杨凌712100

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2012年第24期129-137,共9页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：高等学校学科创新引智计划(No.B12007);高校基本科研业务费资助项目"黄土高原苜蓿粮草轮作系统植物-土壤C;N运移特征及对环境的影响"(CX200902);西北农林科技大学唐仲英育种基金项目(05YZ044)

摘　　要：为了评价苜蓿翻耕后进行不同轮作模式的水分适应性和经济效益,提出黄土高原区生态效益和经济效应较好的草田轮作模式。该文测定了6a生苜蓿草地翻耕后轮作农田和休闲地的土壤水分及作物产量,并进行经济效益分析。结果表明,不同草田轮作模式的土壤水分恢复作用存在差异。苜蓿地轮作第2年收获后,以苜蓿-休闲-休闲模式土壤水分状况最好,0～300cm土层土壤水分已接近连作农田水平,且100～340cm土层土壤水分较耕前出现了恢复现象;而苜蓿-冬小麦-冬小麦模式最差,土壤水分恢复层出现在120～320cm土层;6a生苜蓿地翻耕后经过2a轮作,0～500cm土层土壤水分仍未达到连作农田水平。轮作2a冬油菜平均籽粒产量和平均籽粒水分利用效率较连作冬油菜分别增加了34.9%、44.4%(P<0.05),轮作2a冬小麦平均籽粒产量和平均籽粒水分利用效率较连作冬小麦分别提高了45.0%、42.9%(P<0.05);效益分析表明,轮作2a冬小麦的平均产投比是连作2a冬小麦的近1.5倍,是轮作2a冬油菜的2.5倍,是连作2a冬油菜的3.4倍,6a生苜蓿地翻耕后轮作冬小麦比轮作冬油菜具有更高经济效益。该研究结果为黄土高原苜蓿草地可持续利用,建立稳定的旱地农业生态系统提供了理论依据。In order to evaluate the water adaptability and forward the suitable alfalfa-crop rotation model for the economic benefit in different rotation systems, and put Loess Plateau, the soil moisture and crop yield were investigated,while the economic benefit of the crop rotation field and fallow land was analyzed after plowing the 6-growth-old alfalfa grassland. The results showed that different alfalfa-crop rotation patterns had differences in restoring the soil moisture. After the post-harvest of the second year, alfalfa-rotation and alfalfa-leisure-leisure modes exhibited the best water eco-environment, soil moisture of which in 0-300 cm layer was close to continuous cropping; the soil moisture recovery layer appeared in 100-340 cm compared with the pre-stage of plowing alfalfa, but alfalfa-winter wheat-winter wheat mode had the worst water eco-environment and its soil moisture recovery layer appeared in 120-320 cm. After plowing the 6-growth-old alfalfa grassland, the soil moisture in 0-500 cm layer of two years for alfalfa-crop rotation was far from the level of continuous cropping. In the first and second year of rotation, the average of winter rape grain yield and water use efficiency respectively were increased by 34.9 %, 44.4 %（P〈0.05） than the continuous winter rape cropping. The average of winter wheat grain yield and water use efficiency respectively were increased45.0 %, 42.9 % （P〈0.05） than the continuous winter wheat cropping. The benefit analysis in two years showed that the average output to input ratio of winter wheat rotation system was 1.5 times of continuous winter wheat cropping, 2.5 times of winter rape rotation and 3.4 times of continuous winter rape cropping. So the rotation of winter wheat was more suitable and efficient than winter rape after plowing the 6-growth-old alfalfa grassland. The study provide a reference for the sustainable use of alfalfa grassland and establishing a stable agriculture ecological system for dry land.

关 键 词：土壤水分 作物 粮食 黄土高原 苜蓿 草田轮作 产量 

分 类 号：S344.16[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术] S152.75[农业科学—农艺学]