压力与职业枯竭:概念辨析及预警干预路线的差异理论模型  

Stress and Job Burnout:A Theoretical Model for Concept Discrimination and Prewarning-intervention Differences

作　　者：许燕 王芳[1] 郭璐[1] 蒋奖[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学心理学院,北京100875

出　　处：《华南师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2012年第6期42-46,158,共5页Journal of South China Normal University：Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划"我国若干重点职业人群心理压力和职业枯竭的评估;预警与干预示范研究"(2009BAI77B04);国家自然科学基金项目"非常规突发事件对公众心理的影响规律及心理重建策略"(91024005)

摘　　要：压力起源于医学领域,职业枯竭起源于社会心理学领域;压力来源广泛、难以预测,职业枯竭的来源相对稳定、可预测;压力的发生发展过程迅速而即时,职业枯竭则是长期累积的结果;压力表现广泛分布于生理、心理和行为层面,而职业枯竭的表现则主要限定于情绪衰竭、去人性化、低自我效能感三个特征;压力是一个普适的症状,职业枯竭的表现则可能具有文化和职业的特异性;压力对个体的影响有好有坏,而职业枯竭的影响则完全是负面的;压力的不良结果表现在身心两方面,职业枯竭的后果则更具心理社会性。基于以上差异,压力的评估应以生理指标为主,预警和干预的不是压力的产生而是其后可能的身心疾病;职业枯竭的评估应以心理指标为主,预警和干预直接针对职业枯竭的发生进行。Stress and job burnout are two highly related concepts in many ways.However,the difference between them is significant.The situation of high level stress and low level burnout illustrates the independence of each other to some extent.Therefore,it's necessary to distinguish stress and burnout oth theoretically and practically.We try to make clear of the connections and differences between the two concepts from practical perspective.We find 7 differences:stress originates from medical science,while burnout from social psychology;The causes of stress are widely ranged and unpredictable,while those of burnout are relatively stable and predictable;Stress appears and develops quickly and instantly,while burnout comes after long time accumulation;Stress has multiple syndromes distributing at physiological,psychological and behavioral level,while bumout syndromes limit to emotional exhaustion,depersonalization,and low self-efficacy;Job burnout syndromes may vary with different culture and occupation,while stress does not;The influence of stress could be good or bad,while burnout only has adverse effects;Finally,stress damages physical and psychological health,while job burnout damages people more psychosocially.Owing to the differences above,the estimation of stress should refer to physiological rather than psychological indicators,while that of job burnout should be the opposite.The prewarning and intervention goal of stress and job burnout should take into consideration physical-mental illnesses and its generation.

关 键 词：压力 职业枯竭 区别 预警 干预 

分 类 号：B84[哲学宗教—心理学]