晚冰期以来青藏高原东北缘人类的迁移与扩散  

Human Migration and Diffusion in Northeastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since the Late Glacial Period

作　　者：侯光良[1] 张雪莲[2] 肖景义[1] 鄂崇毅[1] 

机构地区：[1]青海师范大学青藏高原资源与环境教育部重点实验室,青海西宁810008 [2]青海师范大学附属中学,青海西宁810008

出　　处：《干旱区研究》2013年第1期149-155,共7页Arid Zone Research

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(41161018);教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(10YJCZH041)

摘　　要：利用考古遗迹、年代和区域DEM数据,采用GIS方法,综合分析了晚冰期以来,人类在青藏高原东北缘的迁移与扩散。结果表明:16～6 kaBP人类活动的足迹已遍布青藏高原东北缘,早期人类活动没有固定的聚落,表现为高度流动、长距离、大范围的迁移特征;晚期则实现了半定居。末次冰消期生活在黄土高原西端较低海拔的人群沿着黄河谷地进入高原,到达海拔2 600 m的共和盆地,并以该盆地为枢纽,向北于14 kaBP进入海拔3 000 m以上的青海湖盆地,向南于11 kaBP登上了4 000 m的青藏高原主体,向西在全新世早期进入柴达木盆地,并通过格尔木河河谷翻越昆仑山进入可可西里和羌塘高原。6～2 kaBP本区跨进新石器—青铜时代,有固定的聚落,发生了2次显著的文化扩散,5～4 kaBP马家窑文化在本区黄河—湟水谷地扩散;3 kaBP畜牧业的确立,人类再次向高原腹地扩散,并实现了对海拔4 000 m以上高原的长期占领。In this paper,the data of archaeological sites,age and regional DEM were used to comprehensively analyze the human migration and diffusion in northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since the Late Glacial Period based on GIS.The results showed that the remains of human activities spread all over the northeastern margin of the plateau in the late Paleolithic period of 16-6 kaBP,when there were no the fixed human settlements,and human activities were highly migratory with long distance.In the late deglaciation,human who lived in the west Loess Plateau with low elevation migrated to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau along the Yellow River valley,arrived in the Gonghe Basin with an elevation of 2 600 m a.s.l.,came into the Qinghai Lake basin with an elevation over 3 000 m a.s.l.northward at 14 kaBP,then migrated to the main part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with an elevation about 4 000 m a.s.l.at 11 kaBP southward,came into the Qaidam Basin westward in the early Holocene,crossed the Golmud River,climbed over the Kunlun Mountains,and came into the Hoh Xil and Chang Tang Plateau finally.At 6-2 kaBP,the northeastern margin was stepped into the Neolithic Age-Bronze Age,where the settlements were fixed,and 2 significant cultural diffusions occurred;at 5-4 kaBP,Majiayao culture was spread in the Yellow River-Huang River valleys;at 3 kaBP,animal husbandry was developed,human spread again to the hinterland of the plateau and occupied the plateau over 4 000 m a.s.l.

关 键 词：人类 迁移 扩散 晚冰期 青藏高原 

分 类 号：Q98[生物学—人类学]