青藏高原冰川资源及其分布特征  

RESOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION OF GLACIERS ON THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

作　　者：刘宗香[1] 苏珍[1] 姚檀栋[1] 王文悌 邵文章 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,兰州730000

出　　处：《资源科学》2000年第5期49-52,共4页Resources Science

基　　金：中国科学院重大项目!(KZ95 1 B1 2 12 );中国科学院冰芯与寒区环境开放研究实验室和中国科学院天山冰川观测试验站资助项目

摘　　要：:在全部完成中国冰川编目的基础上 ,精确统计了青藏高原发育有现代冰川 3 6793条 ,冰川面积4 9873 4 4km2 ,冰川冰储量 4 561 3 857km3,分别占我国冰川总数的 79 4 %、84 0 %和 81 6% ,是世界上中低纬度地区最大的现代冰川分布区。青藏高原现代冰川主要分布在昆仑山、喜马拉雅山和喀喇昆仑山 ,其数量和规模占冰川总数的一半以上。由于气候和地形要素的不同组合 ,除念青唐古拉山和冈底斯山外 ,山脉北坡冰川在数量和规模上均大于南坡。青藏高原冰川形态类型齐全 ,悬冰川数量最多 ,占总数的3 9 3 % ;而大型的山谷冰川仅占高原总数的 4 6% ,但其面积和冰储量分别占高原总数的 3 3 5%和4 8 6%。大型山谷冰川面积大于 1 0 0km2 的冰川有 2 1条 ,喀喇昆仑山北坡的音苏盖堤冰川长 4 2km ,冰川面积达 3 79 97km2 。青藏高原现代冰川折合成淡水约有 3 92 2 8× 1 0 8m3,是青藏高原地表径流总量的 1 0 8倍 ,是巨大的优质淡水资源。初步计算 ,每年可提供冰川融水 50 4× 1 0 8m3补给河流。青藏高原冰川水资源在各大水系的分布上不均匀 ,海洋性冰川区冰川融水径流模数远大于大陆性冰川区。Glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau are calculated based on the Chinese glacier inventory.Statistics shows that that there are 36 793 existing glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau,with a total area of 49 873.44 km 2 and ice volume of 4561.3857km 3,corresponding to 79.4%,84.0% and 81.6% of the total glaciers in China respectively.Tibetan Plateau is the largest existing glaciation area in low mid latitude in the world.Glaciers are distributed mainly in Kunlun Mts.,Himalayas Mts.and karakorum Mts.,accounting for over half of the total glacier number and glacier volume on the Tibetan Plateau.The total glacier number and glacier volume in the other 8 mountains account for only less than half of the total glacier number and glacier volume on the Tibetan Plateau.Due to the influence of climate and topography,the glacier number and glacier volume is larger in the northern side of the mountains than that in the southern side,except the Nyainqenlanglha Mts.and Gangdisi Mts..There are few large valley glaciers,accounting for only 4.6% of the total glacier number on the plateau.However,the glacial area and ice volume account for 33.5% and 48.6% respectively of the total glaciers on the plateau.There are 21 large valley glaciers covering an are a of over 100km 2 each.The Yinsugaiti glacier in the northern side of the Karakorum Mts.is 42km in lenghth,with an area of 379.97km 2. The total ice volume of all the glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau is 39 228×10 8 m 3 of water equivalent,which is about 10.8 times of the annual surface runoff on the plateau.The gigantic volume of fresh water reservoir on the Tibetan Plateau can provide 504×10 8 m 3 of water to river runoff.The spatial distribution of glacial melt water varies in different river basins.The runoff factor in the marine glacial area is much higher than that in the continental glacial area.

关 键 词：青藏高原 冰川资源 形态类型 冰川融水 

分 类 号：P343.6[天文地球—水文科学]