清季科举改章与停废科举  

Changes to the Imperial Civil Service Examination System and Its Abolishment in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：关晓红[1] 

机构地区：[1]中山大学历史系教授,广州510275

出　　处：《近代史研究》2013年第1期36-53,160-161,共18页Modern Chinese History Studies

摘　　要：1905年清廷诏罢科举,是近代中国社会变化的一大重要转折。相关史实表明,戊戌(1898年)废八股、改试策论、开经济特科等科举改章措施,虽因政变而曲折反复,但确已在各类科举考试中得到贯彻,不同阶段改革程度虽有变化,却进展缓慢,利弊与前景也众说纷纭。如何创制出适合检验西学的新科举文体,并没有进一步可供采纳和验证的建议。在壬寅(1902年)后科举与学堂并存的两难抉择中,清朝君臣均痛感时不我待,急求速成以救亡图存,未能展示进一步更新前景的科举,最终被迫让位给同样还没有充分证明自身价值作用的学堂。因此,随着学堂发展不断暴露出问题,被清廷强制终结的科举,便不断产生翻案纠纷。In 1905 the Qing court issued an edict to abolish the Imperial Civil Service Examination.This was a very important turn for modern Chinese society.Relevant historical data show that although measures to abolish eight-part essays,add examinations on politics,and start special tests on economics in 1898 had met with setbacks,they were indeed implemented in various Imperial Civil Service Examinations.The extent of reform was different at different stages,but progress was slow, and opinions about the advantages,disadvantages and future of the reforms varied greatly.How could the Imperial Civil Service Examination be given a new literary form suitable for testing Western learning? There were no further proposals to be adopted and tested after 1898.By 1902,the Qing emperor and high officials were keenly aware that if they wished to save the nation,there was no time to lose in resolving the dilemma of the co-existence of the Imperial Civil Service Examination with new-style schools.The Imperial Civil Service Examination could show no prospects for renewal,and in the end the examination was replaced by new schools.However,the schools also had nol completely proven their own value,and so,as more and more problems were exposed in the development of the new schools,there were repeated calls to bring back the Imperial Civil Service Examination,even though it had been forcefully abolished by the Qing court.

关 键 词：停罢科举 科举改章 戊戌维新 学堂 

分 类 号：K257[历史地理—历史学] D691.3[历史地理—中国史]