莫高窟第45窟观音经变时代新探  

A New Study on the Date of the Avalokitesvara Sutra Illustration in Mogao Cave 45

作　　者：沙武田[1] 

机构地区：[1]敦煌研究院文献研究所,甘肃兰州730030

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2012年第6期19-28,127-134,共10页Dunhuang Research

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目"吐蕃统治时期敦煌石窟研究"(08CKG002);国家重点基础研究发展计划"文化遗产保护的方法验证与典型示范"(2012CB725300)

摘　　要：敦煌莫高窟第45窟为代表窟,窟内南壁观音经变同属唐代艺术精品,学界传统认为该铺经变为盛唐作品,是在洞窟营建之初与其他盛唐壁画同时绘制。但是经过我们对洞窟营建的考察发现,第45窟作为盛唐未完工中唐补绘洞窟,观音经变如同窟内其他几身中唐补绘的观音、地藏菩萨像一样,实为洞窟停工后由后人续修补绘作品。与窟内及其他窟相关的盛唐、中唐壁画作一比较,发现其确与盛唐壁画有所区别,却与中唐壁画有所联系。同时,作为当时独特背景下观音信仰的流行,观音经变的绘制也符合具体的历史背景。分析的结果表明,莫高窟第45窟南壁观音经变,不大可能像传统观点认为的那样属于洞窟营建之初整体设计思想与布局观念指导下的一部分,绘制于盛唐第一次营建之时,而应该是受吐蕃战争影响下洞窟停工后的续修补绘作品。具体的时间有可能是沙州陷蕃(786)前,仍属盛唐时期,但不会早于东壁门南补绘盛唐观音立像;也有可能晚到沙州陷蕃后的中唐时期。无论如何,该铺观音经变作为洞窟停工后由后人续修补绘作品是可以肯定的。但并不因此而否定或贬低该铺经变之艺术、历史、学术价值,它作为莫高窟唐代艺术之精品与代表作仍无疑问。As one of the representative caves of the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, Mogao Gave 43 has an Avalokitesvara Sutra Illustration that is a masterpiece of Tang Dynasty artworks. The wall painting was not finished during the High Tang period, instead being completed during the Middle Tang period. Generally, this Avalokitesvara Sutra illustration is regarded to date back to the High Tang period, contemporary with the other High Tang wall paintings. But an investigation of the cave construction suggests that, this illustration was not finished during the High Tang period and was completed in the Middle Tang when construction of the cave stopped, just like the images of Avalokitesrava and Ksitigarbha bodhisattvas. A comparison of this illustration with the High Tang and Middle Tang paintings in other caves also suggests it is indeed different from the High Tang murals, associated instead with the Middle Tang murals. Furthermore, the creation of this illustration is consistent with the unique popularity of belief in Avalokitesvara at that time. Therefore, this illustration would have been painted after cave construction stopped with the invasion of the Tibetans, and it thus might be in the High Tang period, prior to the Tibetan occupation （786 CE）, no earlier than the date of the standing Avalokiestrava image on the south side of the entrance wall, but possibly as late as in the Middle Tang period after the Tibetan Occupation. Nonetheless, it is certain to have been done after construction of this cave stopped. This does not mean the artis- tic, historical, and academic values of this illustration should be denied or belittled.

关 键 词：莫高窟第45窟 观音经变 未完工窟 补绘 

分 类 号：K879.21[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K870.6[历史地理—历史学]