寒旱区地膜覆盖与施肥对土壤作物的效应分析  

Effects of Film Mulching and Fertilizations on Soil and Crop in Cold and Arid Region

作　　者：卜玉山[1] 李伟[1] 周秋香[1] 闫双堆[1] 胡学峰[1] 史晓凯[1] 马茹茹[1] 

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学资源环境学院,山西太谷030801

出　　处：《中国农学通报》2013年第3期69-75,共7页Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家"十一五"科技支撑计划课题"山西半干旱区旱作粮经作物综合节水技术研究与示范"(2007BAD88B03)

摘　　要：为了明确寒旱区不同地膜覆盖与不同施肥量的土壤和作物效应特点以及地膜覆盖增温和保水作用的相对重要性,采用二因素完全组合随机区组设计大田试验,分析比较了寒旱区宽窄幅普膜和降解膜与施肥的土壤水分、温度与作物生长和产量效应的差异。结果表明,宽、窄降解膜和普膜覆盖均有明显的增温保水作用,施肥也具有一定的增温保水作用。宽、窄降解膜和普膜覆盖玉米各生育时期均比CK明显提前,而施肥处理对玉米生育期无影响,覆盖处理对玉米生长发育的促进作用主要表现在生育前期,而施肥处理主要表现在生育中后期。不同覆盖处理显著增加了玉米产量和水分利用效率,且宽幅膜效果又显著好于窄幅膜,增产的原因主要是百粒重的显著增加,而施肥显著增产的原因是穗粒数和百粒重共同增加的结果。寒旱区限制玉米生长发育的主要因子是低温,地膜覆盖增产作用相对大于施肥,二者互作效应不显著。In order to understand the effect characteristics of different mulching films and fertilization quantities on soil and crop and the relative importance of plastic film mulching on increasing soil temperature and conserving soil moisture in cold and arid region,a field experiment with randomized block design of two factors was employed to analyze and compare the effect differences of broad and narrow degradable films,broad and narrow ordinary plastic films,and fertilization quantity on soil moisture,soil temperature,maize growth and development,and maize yield.The results showed that broad and narrow degradable films and ordinary plastic films all had significant temperature-increasing and moisture-holding effects.Fertilization had certain temperature-increasing and moisture-holding effects too.The different maize growth stages were all earlier in the treatments mulched with broad and narrow degradable films and ordinary plastic films than that in CK,but fertilization did not affect maize growth stages.The promoting effect of mulching treatments on the maize growth appeared at the early stage of maize growth,but that of fertilization treatments mainly at the middle and later stages of maize growth.Mulching treatments significantly increased maize yield and WUE and broad film mulching treatments were significantly better than narrow film mulching treatments.The reason of mulching treatment increasing maize yield was mainly due to the increase of weight per hundred kernels,but the reason of fertilization treatment increasing maize yield was due to the increases of both kernel number per ear and weight per hundred kernels.The key factor of limiting maize growth and development was low temperature and the yield-increasing effect of film mulching was bigger than that of fertilization in cold andarid region.The interaction effect of film mulching and fertilization was not significant.

关 键 词：寒旱区 地膜覆盖 施肥 土壤水分与温度 玉米生长与产量 

分 类 号：S318[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术]