清代华北乡村“社首”初探——以山西泽州碑刻资料为中心  

A Preliminary Study of the Altar Head in Rural North China in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：姚春敏[1] 

机构地区：[1]山西师范大学戏曲文物研究所

出　　处：《清史研究》2013年第1期129-137,共9页The Qing History Journal

摘　　要："社首"是清代华北民间自治组织"社"的领导者,在清代山西泽州又被称为"维首"、"社领"、"社头"、"社长"等,是乡村社会的权威。从碑刻看,社首可以分为长期任职的执年社首和短期的督工社首,执年社首一般实行四人三年的轮换制度,由社众集体选举产生,个别村社采取家族轮值的方法。督工社首仅在村社出现大型公共设施修建时才被执年社首临时任命,人员依工程复杂程度而定,任期以工程完成情况而论。社首身份较为复杂,现有资料显示大约近十分之一的社首来源于下层士绅,其余多为普通社民。有清一代,社首在村落里主持春祈秋报、管理社费、维修庙宇、息讼止争、协调村际关系,权力几乎触及到华北乡村的全部生活。Altar head, or ＂She shou＂, also called ＂Wei shou＂, ＂She ling＂, ＂She tou＂ and ＂She zhang＂ in Shanxi Zezhou, was the leader of the Altar （She）, which was a ceremonial unit and civil autonomous organizations in North China. According to the stele inscriptions, altar heads had different serving terms. The long-term altar heads generally implement a system of rotation of 4 persons in every 3 years and were elected collectively by the villagers. The short- term altar heads, also called altar supervisors, were usually appointed by the long-term altar head on occasion of public facilities constructions. The identity of She Shou are more complex. Existing data shows that about 1/10 of them comes from the lower gentry, and the rest are mostly ordinary villagers. During the Qing Dynasty, altar heads hosted seasonal sacrificial ceremonies, the management of village temples, the settlement of ordinary disputes, and coordination of supra-village relationships.

关 键 词：清代 华北乡村 社首 遴选 下层士绅 

分 类 号：K877.4[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K249[历史地理—历史学]