古代苗族母系氏族制的语言学线索  

Linguistic Evidence of Matriarchy of Ancient Miao Ethnic Group

作　　者：石德富[1] 

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学少数民族语言文学系,北京100081

出　　处：《中央民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2013年第1期111-118,共8页Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目"中泰跨境苗语对比研究"(编号:10BY0082)阶段性成果

摘　　要：从历史语言学的角度来看,古苗语的*mripD是"人、动植物的母亲"也是"首领";*maC的本义是"由女人承嗣的世系";*praB是"父亲"也是"捆绑、黏合"。从认知语言学的文化模式来看,在苗语的提问和并列结构名词或固定短语中,女性处于无标记地位,男性处于有标记地位,这说明在古代女性被认为比男性更重要;在湘西和黔东苗语里,姨系亲属称谓等同于堂系的亲属称谓,都被认为是兄弟姐妹,并禁止通婚。这些语言学证据和其他社会习俗证据共同构成系统的证据链,证明历史上苗族的确存在过母系氏族制。From the perspective of historical linguistics, in proto-Miao language, ＊mrip means both ＂a mother of human being, animal or plant＂ and ＂a chief＂ ; the original meaning of ＊ mac is ＂ matrilineal descent＂ ; and ＊ praB has the meanings of ＂father＂, ＂binder＂ and ＂to bind to the main body of something to make it firmly established＂. According to the cultural model of cognitive linguistics, nouns denoting females are unmarked while the ones representing males are marked in questions, coordinative structures and fixed phrases of the Miao language, which shows that females were regarded as more important than males in ancient time. Daughters and sons of mother＇s sister＇s have the same kinship terms with those of father＇s brother＇s in both Xiangxi dialect and Qiandong dialect. They are all regarded as sisters and brothers and are prohibited from intermarriage. These linguistic evidence and social custom form a systematic evidence chain to prove the existence of matriarchy in ancient Miao ethnic group.

关 键 词：苗语 古代苗族 母系氏族制 历史语言学 

分 类 号：H216[语言文字—少数民族语言]