关于中国土司制度渊源发展研究的十个问题  

The Ten Issues on the Research of Original Development in Chinese Tusi System

作　　者：龚荫[1] 

机构地区：[1]西南民族大学,四川成都610041

出　　处：《青海民族研究》2013年第1期111-118,共8页Qinghai Journal of Ethnology

基　　金：国家社科基金课题<明代土司政治文化研究>(批准号10BMZ011);国家社科基金重点课题<诰词谕诣宦谱家谱整理研究>(课题编号XMZ017);中国社会科学院科研局"西南边疆项目"<土司制度与西南边疆治理研究>(课题编号B10007);湖南省社科基金项目<化解中心与边缘冲突治国方略的递变及成效考评--以五溪地区地方势力兴衰为例>(06YB85);湖南省优势特色重点学科科研课题<中国土司学史>(20120625)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：在土司制度"渊源"、"发展"及"衰落"历程基础上,首次集中讨论了中国土司制度的十个问题。本文认为,土司制度目的是稳固边疆少数民族地区的统治,设置四种类型的土司也是围绕这一目的。土司制度的社会基础是奴隶制和农奴制,核心与实质是土民与土司的依附性,根本是土兵。土司制度鼎盛于明代,衰落于清代,清代"改土归流"实际上是变土司地区的奴隶主和农奴主专政为封建地主阶级专政的过程。与西南土司制度相"异"的是明王朝版籍内的东北边外土司,它是经过朝廷遣官"招谕"、少数民族首领入京进贡输诚后才授予土司官职的。研究土司制度的意义就在于"存史"和"资政",总结历朝历代施行土司制度的经验教训,为新时期制定民族政策、做好民族工作和推动社会经济文化的发展服务。Based on the process of ＂origin＂, ＂development＂and ＂decline＂, the ten issues about Chinese Tusi system are firstly focused on discussing. The paper argues that the purpose of Tusi system is to stabilize the ruling position in minority border areas, in addition, four kinds of Tusi also center around the principle. The social foundation of Tusi system is slavery and serfdom, its core and essence is the dependence of Tuming and Tusi, and its root is soldiers. Tusi system boomed in the Ming Dynasty, and declined in the Qing Dynasty. In fact,＂bureaucratization of native officers＂ in the Qing Dynasty was to change slavery and serfdom into the dictatorship of the lands lord class. Tusi of Northeast border areas in the Ming Dynasty is different from Southwest Tusi, which was appointed after minority leaders paid tribute to court. The significance to study Tusi system is to ＂keep local history＂ and ＂mentor＇and serve as formulating ethnic policies, improving ethnic work and furthering the development of social economic culture.

关 键 词：土司制度 渊源发展 研究 十个问题 

分 类 号：K28[历史地理—历史学]