大熊猫野化放归中的遗传学分析  

The Genetics Analysis of Captive Giant Panda Reintroduction

作　　者：杨波[1] 杨承忠[2] 涂飞云[2] 杜一平[1] 刘洋[3] 李德生[3] 张和民[3] 黄炎[1,3] 

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学林学院,四川雅安625000 [2]四川大学生命科学学院,四川省濒危野生动物保护生物学重点实验室,成都610064 [3]中国保护大熊猫研究中心,四川卧龙623006

出　　处：《四川动物》2013年第1期149-155,共7页Sichuan Journal of Zoology

基　　金：国家林业局林业公益性行业科研专项经费项目(201104050);香港海洋公园保育(GP02_1213)

摘　　要：大熊猫为我国特有的濒危物种,由于人类活动的影响,其生境遭到破碎化以致孤立小种群间基因流受限制,严重威胁野生孤立小种群的续存。野化放归以复壮并建立能自我维持的野生种群是物种保护的一种有效措施,这在国内外已有成功先例。野化放归圈养大熊猫以复壮野生种群是大熊猫保护的重要策略之一。然而,破碎化生境阻碍了小种群间的基因交流,加剧了因近交和遗传漂变带来生存力下降的危机。因此大熊猫的放归必须首先考虑其遗传背景,以改善种群基因库为目的。综合微卫星与线粒体等分子标记分析显示,现存野生大熊猫种群和圈养种群仍具有中等或以上的遗传水平,具有较大的进化潜力,这为大熊猫野化放归提供了遗传学支持。另外,小相岭和大相岭种群的遗传水平最低,应首先考虑这些种群的复壮,并且对秦岭种群进行特殊管理与保护。大熊猫的野化放归应着重于野放个体亲缘度的合理选择、基因丰富度的优先选择和有害基因的反向选择等三个遗传因素。本文旨在综合分析大熊猫现存种群遗传现状及其在野化放归中的决策性,以期为大熊猫野化放归提供参考依据。The giant panda is a characteristic endangered species in our country. Owing to the influence of human activities, the wild giant panda （Ailuropoda melanoleuca） habitats were severely fragmented resulting in restricted gene interflow between the isolated small populations, which perhaps cannot be reinforced or long-term conserved. For protecting the endangered species such as the giant panda, reintroduction captive-bred is one of the effective measures which applied as guidance for reinforcing and establishing sustaining wild population. Such researches have been reported successfully in the past, which indicated that the restricted gene interflow lowered the survive ability in such small isolated populations owing to the effects of inbreeding and genetic drift. Therefore we should consider the genetic background of the current populations first, for the captive giant panda reintroduction aims to improve gene pool of the wild population. The microsatellite and mitochon-drial molecular marker analysis show that the existing wild and captive panda populations are still moderate or moderate above genetic level. Populations have a larger evolution potential which provides genetics support for reintroduction. In addition, a relative lower gene diversity was observed in Daxiangling and Xiaoxiangling population. So it is the key to release in- dividual in these populations primarily. Furthermore, Qinling population should be particularly managed and protected in the future. The rational choice concerning on coefficient of kinship, higher preference with genetic diversity, and adverse selection of deleterious gene were emphasized by the genetic matters of reintroduction. This genetic background plays a significant role in reintroduction decision-making of captive-bred. This paper discusses mainly on the genetic diversity and genetic structure within giant panda population in order to provide reference for the success of eventual reintroduction of giant panda into the wild.

关 键 词：大熊猫 遗传多样性 野化放归 复壮 

分 类 号：S863[农业科学—野生动物驯养]